Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2812

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Spatial conflict resolution in marine spatial plans and permitting procedures for offshore wind energy: an analysis of measures adopted in Denmark, England and the Netherlands Kusters, J., van Kann, F., Zuidema, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Summary of Bird Monitoring Reports from Operational Wind Energy Facilities in South Africa BirdLife South Africa Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Estimated golden eagle mortality from wind turbines in the western United States Gedir, J., Gould, M., Millsap, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Year-round and Diel Patterns in Habitat Use of Seabirds off Oregon Orben, R., Porquez, J., Suryan, R. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Assessing the potential impacts of floating Offshore Wind Farms on policy-relevant species: A case study in the Gulf of Roses, NW Mediterranean Wawrzynkowski, P., Molins, C., Lloret, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Which is worse for wildlife, wind farms or oil drilling? Hardach, S. Magazine Article Wind Energy Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Eoldist, a Web Application for Estimating Cautionary Detection Distance of Birds by Automatic Detection Systems to Reduce Collisions With Wind Turbines Fluhr, J., Duriez, O., Blary, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy in the Gulf of Mexico: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs [Booklet] Severy, M., Farr, H., Richlen, M. Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Update knowledge base for bird species vulnerable for collisions with offshore wind turbines (2025) - Description of available knowledge to be used within KEC 6.0 Bebbington, K., Ijntema, G.J., Potiek, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities McKenna, R., Lilliestam, J., Heinrichs, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Resource selection and survival of plains sharp-tailed grouse at a wind energy facility Kelly, C., LeBeau, C., Beck, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Impact of Wind Energy on Flying Wildlife in Leading Wind Energy Producing Countries of Latin America: Challenges and Priorities WREN, Rivera, M., Rebolo, N. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A Fuzzy Logic Technique for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Power Plants Flores, P., Mendoza, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Visual Impacts
Wind energy development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Risk assessment for flying vertebrates Rebolo-Ifran, N., Nicolas A. L., Lambertucci, S. A. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Floating Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Nielsen, K., Robertson, B., Sierman, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Ornithological and Marine Mammal Baseline Characterisation Surveys for the POSEIDON project: October-December (Seasonal) Report – South-West Celtic Sea Young, S., Steinmetz, K., Davitt, V. Report Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Ornithological and Marine Mammal Baseline Characterisation Surveys for the POSEIDON project: April-June (Seasonal) Report – South-West Celtic Sea Young, S., Davitt, V. Report Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Ornithological and Marine Mammal Baseline Characterisation Surveys for the POSEIDON project: January-March (Seasonal) Report – South-West Celtic Sea Young, S., Martin, L. Report Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Mapping relative risk to seabirds from offshore wind energy developments in Danish waters Isojunno, S. , Scott-Hayward, L., Thomsen, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Will red-crowned cranes avoid coastal wind farms? A research based on satellite tracking in Yancheng coastal wetland Hu, X., Wu, D., Chen, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Shorebirds
Potential feeding sites for seabirds and marine mammals reveal large overlap with offshore wind energy development worldwide Morant, J., Payo-Payo, A., Maria-Valera, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Cumulative collision risk and population-level consequences of industrial wind-power plant development for two vulture species: A quantitative warning Bounas, A., Vasilakis, D., Kret, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Developing the Offshore Wind that Birds Need Seavy, N., Wojcicki, S., Madden, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2024 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2024 Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report July 2023 to June 2024 Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Long-term trends in abundance and potential drivers for eight species of coastal birds in the U.S. South Atlantic Craig, J., Siegfried, K., Cheshire, R. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Behavioral and functional responses of different bird clades to offshore windfarms in yellow sea, China Liu, W., Yuan, S., Shen, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Scenarios for Replacing Conventional Energy With Offshore Renewable Energy Along the Central California Coast Ruttenberg, B., Wang, Y. , Walter, R. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Development of a collision impact indicator to integrate in the life cycle assessment of offshore wind farms Baulaz, Y., Araignous, E., Pérez-López, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Offshore wind and impacts on migratory waterfowl of the Atlantic flyway White, M. Thesis Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Risk4DRaptors: Prédire les risques de collision des grands oiseaux avec les infrastructures aériennes Hemery, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
Breeding Behaviour and Health & Safety Implications of Kittiwakes Nesting on Offshore Substations Surrounding Walney Two Wind Farm Consadine, E., Parker, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Effects of wind turbine dimensions on the collision risk of raptors: A simulation approach based on flight height distributions Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Zutter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Survey of Birds for Offshore Wind Farms in Danish Waters – North Sea I Petersen, I., Thomsen, H., Scott-Hayward, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wave and Tidal Energy: Evaluation of Feasibility, Costs, and Benefits Senate Bill 605 Report Lee, S., Strong, V., Aspen Environmental Group Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
MASTS ASM 2024 Workshop Proceeding: Tracking Top Predators in Marine Renewable Energy Development Areas Sutherland, J. Marine Energy, Wind Energy Attraction, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Feasibility of strategic ornithological compensatory measures in the Scottish context Tapia-Harris, C., Evans, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Guidance on biodiversity cumulative impact assessment for wind and solar developments and associated infrastructure Bennun, L., Fletcher, C., Cook, A. Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Developing a population model for Rum Manx Shearwaters for assessing offshore wind farm impacts and conservation measures Matthiopoulos, J., Furness, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Displaying 161 - 200 of 2812 results