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Legal & Policy

How governing bodies plan for and regulate renewable energy projects through policy and legal frameworks.

Legal

There are several local and federal agencies that must approve the various components of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project throughout the permitting process. A baseline environmental assessment is typically required to identify potential environmental concerns, including the presence of threatened or endangered species. Depending on the concerns identified during this assessment, monitoring and mitigation efforts may be required during facility construction, operation, and decommissioning.

 

Policy

An in-depth understanding of the potential environmental impacts of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project is extremely important in determining the governing policies surrounding the assessment and approval of the project. The level of risk of a project presents is typically determined by considering both the known consequences of a project’s development and the uncertainty around its potential impacts. Various local, state, and federal policies have been developed to support the growth of the wind and marine renewable energy industries in a sustainable manner.

 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Legal & Policy.

Total: 795

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Storylines of Nature Inclusive Design in Dutch Offshore Wind Farm decommissioning Boer, F. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and distance to settlements in the spatial allocation of wind power Luukkonen, S., Räsänen, A., Koivula, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Empire Wind: Enhancing Marine Mammal Monitoring in Offshore Wind Construction Aniceto, A., Kriesell, H., Carduner, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
More than a box to check: the experience of state and federal wildlife regulators in the renewable energy development process Burch, C., Loraamm, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Best practice guidance for the collection, management and analysis of data to support post-construction seabird collision monitoring at offshore wind farms Valantiejus, Ž., Boersch-Supan, P., Thaxter, C. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Wind Energy Dis- and Misinformation Wind Europe Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
A Framework for Analysing and Improving Graduate Attributes and Employability in the Blue Economy Cossu, R., Adams, L., Pountney, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Evaluating environmental impacts and public preferences in offshore wind farm decommissioning Stranddorf, L., Ladenburg, J., Rönnblom, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Conflicts in the use of the landscape: the issue of wind farms Balestrieri, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Environmental Policy and Risk Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Tidal Current Energy in China Guo, R., Liu, Z., Wei, H. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Reimagining community-centered engagement to guide offshore wind planning and development Henderson, C., Duffy, K., Rose, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Exploratory study on offshore aquaculture suitability and co-location with marine renewable energy in Portugal Costa, C., Miranda, F., Clemente, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Health & Safety, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation
A Structured Techno-Economic and Socio-Regulatory Comparison of Onshore, Fixed-Bottom Offshore, and Floating Offshore Wind Energy Systems Koondhar, M. A., Afridi, S. K., Alsenani, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Planning for renewables in an uncertain world: key takeaways from analysing the German onshore approach von Seht, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Ahoy, Matey! I've Harnessed the Wind: Turning Ocean Air into Renewable Wind Energy Ferguson, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A four-step path to nature-inclusive offshore wind and grids Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Guidance Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
From sea basins to projects: Process harmonization for better environmental monitoring Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A multi-faceted analysis of the influence of state energy policies on spatial clustering of wind and solar farms in the U.S. Rozhkov, A., Das, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The Status of Marine Energy of Costa Rica: Challenges and Opportunities for Grid Integration Rojas-Morales, J., Vega-Sánchez, C., Guerrero-Fernández, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Establishing floating offshore wind as a mainstream energy solution Harvey, M., Coccoli, C. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Orkney Islands Regional Marine Plan Orkney Islands Council Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Health & Safety, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Powering the Offshore Wind Future in Northern Japan: Opportunities and Recommendations Ocean Energy Pathway Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050 Marine Renewables Canada Report Marine Energy, Riverine, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
2025 UK Ocean Energy Review Grattan, K., Olsson, S., Noble, D. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Comparative analysis of offshore and onshore wind turbines: Efficiency, design, and environmental impact Tanvir, M., Etminan, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Disruptive Innovation and Industrial Modernisation: Pathways to Securing Offshore Renewable Energy Supply Chain Competitiveness Grattan, K., Olsson, S., Noble, D. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
The Ocean Equity Index Blythe, J., Claudet, J., Gill, D. Journal Article Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Enabling Agri Energy Justice: Incorporating agricultural and energy justice into utility-scale onshore wind development on agricultural land Taylor, M., Sounness, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Regulation of chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: comparative analysis and policy recommendations for the North Sea Hengstmann, E., Hasenbein, S., Plaß, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Ocean renewable energy for equitable energy access in a Blue Economy Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Hirsch, S., Dillon, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Comparative analysis of onshore, offshore, and floating wind turbines for renewable energy systems: A review Koondhar, M., Albsha, L., Mahmoud, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Analysis of Technological Readiness Indexes for Offshore Renewable Energies in Ibero-American Countries Moscoloni, C., Gorr-Pozzi, E., Corrales-Gonzalez, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Harnessing Ocean Renewable Energy for India's Blue Economy: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Perspectives Bhatia, T., Srinivasan, S., Vallipriya, R. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Marine renewable energy for hydrogen production: Advancing towards a sustainable future through technological, economic, and environmental frontiers– a review Taroual, K., Nachtane, M., Adeli, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Salinity Gradient, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Actual Deployment Potential of Atlantic Canada Offshore Wind Net Zero Atlantic, Stantec Consulting, Energy and Environmental Economics (E3) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Fostering a just energy transition: A framework for policy design IRENA Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
How strategic ecosystem monitoring and assessments are relevant to the management of a marine industry: Offshore wind electricity generation Turrell, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Strategic Compensatory Delivery Mechanism Legal Note: Seabird Predation Reduction Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Cutting Through the Red Tape For Green Offshore Energy Voparil, I., Bennett, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Balancing wind energy expansion and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: A trait-based assessment of vulnerability to floating offshore wind farms for commercially important species Wawrzynkowski, P., Sabatés, A., Lloret, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals, EMF, Entanglement, Lighting, Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning

Displaying 1 - 40 of 795 results