Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2812

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Overview of Predation by Birds, Cephalopods, Fish and Marine Mammals on Marine Benthic Amphipods Dauvin, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Challenges in quantifying the responses of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla to habitat variables and local stressors due to individual variation O'Hanlon, N., Thaxter, C., Clewley, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
6th ScotMER Symposium: OWEC Programme Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy EMF Birds
Using remote-sensing data to study the rapid growth of wind farms and their impact on bird habitat in Yellow Sea Wetland, China Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Sheviakina, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 2 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: ECOWind Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds, Physical Environment
6th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 1 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds
Wind Farms and Power Lines Reduced the Territory Status and Probability of Fledgling Production in the Eurasian Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Husby, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors
Does size matter? Investigation of the effect of wind turbine size on bird and bat mortality Garvin, J., Simonis, J., Taylor, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Integrated Science Plan for Offshore Wind, Wildlife, and Habitat in U.S. Atlantic Waters Regional Wildlife Science Collaborative for Offshore Wind (RWSC) Webpage Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on common guillemots (Uria aalge) in the southern North Sea - climate versus biodiversity? Peschko, V., Schwemmer, H., Mercker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
AppSaS – Apportioning seabirds seen-at-sea: Project executive summary The Carbon Trust Report Birds, Seabirds
Apportioning seabirds seen-at-sea (AppSaS): Apportioning in the nonbreeding season tool (ANBS) — User Guide to the ANBS tool The Carbon Trust Report Birds, Seabirds
Avian Monitoring with CCTV Cameras on Floating Wind Turbines Spoor, Equinor Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
AppSaS – Apportioning seabirds seen-at-sea: WP3 - Method evaluation The Carbon Trust Report Birds, Seabirds
AppSaS – Apportioning seabirds seen-at-sea: WP1 - Review The Carbon Trust Report Birds, Seabirds
AppSaS – Apportioning seabirds seen-at-sea: WP4 - Tool development The Carbon Trust Report Birds, Seabirds
NextWind: Advancing Wind Energy Technology Using Real-Time Monitoring Systems in a Digital Twin Application Siddiqi, K., Kramer, S., Schneider, S. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Assessing areas suitable for offshore wind energy considering potential risk to breeding seabirds in northern Japan Obane, H., Kazama, K., Hashimoto, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
AppSaS – Apportioning seabirds seen-at-sea — WP2 - Data Acquisition The Carbon Trust Report Birds, Seabirds
Predicting the spatial distribution of wintering golden eagles to inform full annual cycle conservation in western North America Wallace, Z., Bedrosian, B., Dunk, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Post-construction Monitoring Study for the California Ridge Wind Farm Champaign and Vermilion Counties, Illinois DuBridge, K., Wilson, G., Ritzert, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Post-Construction Monitoring Study for the Crescent Wind Project Hillsdale County, Michigan Fritchman, C., Ciecka, A., Pickle, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Localized Eco-Climatic Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms: A Review Ze, J., Xiuchun, Y., Ang, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind on the Marine Ecosystem and Associated Species: Background and Issues for Congress Keating-Bitoni, C., Marshak, A., Comay, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Behavioural responses of Sandwich terns following the construction of offshore wind farms Thaxter, C., Green, R., Collier, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Shetland Tidal Array Project Environmental Monitoring Plan (PEMP) Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2023 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Ornithological and Marine Mammal Baseline Characterisation Surveys for the POSEIDON project: January (Seasonal) Report – Northern Isles Meza, C., Soares, K., Young, S. Report Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
The Impact of Wind Turbines on the Distribution of Wintering and Migrating Raptors Mitchell, K. Thesis Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Assessment of Technology Gaps for Statistically Robust Data and Integration of Monitoring of Birds and Marine Mammals into Equipment and Operations of Offshore Windfarms Courbis, S., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
The Relationship Between Offshore Wind Farms and Marine Wildlife in Rhode Island Lloyd, H. , Caputo. A., Foley. B. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Stokke, B., Dahl, E., Kleven, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2023 Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Utilizing high-resolution genetic markers to track population-level exposure of migratory birds to renewable energy development Harrigan, R., Rajbhandary, J., Bossu, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Ectoparasitism and Energy Infrastructure Limit Survival of Preadult Golden Eagles in the Southern Great Plains Murphy, R., Millsap, B., Stahlecker, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Winter Distribution of Golden Eagles in the Eastern USA Miller, T., Lanzone, M., Braham, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Numbers of wildlife fatalities at renewable energy facilities in a targeted development region Conkling, T., Fesnock, A., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Longterm response of offshore wind farms on wintering birds Nielsen, J., Mortensen, M., Yasmin, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
Displaying 321 - 360 of 2812 results