Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 4987
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning
Marine spatial planning to solve increasing conflicts at sea: A framework for prioritizing offshore windfarms and marine protected areas Boussarie, G., Kopp, D., Lavialle, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Optimizing China's onshore wind farm layout crucial for carbon neutrality Li, Q. , Duan, H., Liu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Life cycle assessment of a floating offshore wind farm in Italy Brussa, G., Grosso, M., Rigamonti, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Life Cycle Assessment
A wind of change for soft-sediment infauna within operational offshore windfarms Lefaible, N., Braeckman, U., Degraer, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Trade-offs between fisheries, offshore wind farms and marine protected areas in the southern North Sea – Winners, losers and effective spatial management Püts, M., Kempf, A., Mollmann, C. Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Exploring agenda-setting of offshore energy innovations: Niche-regime interactions in Dutch Marine Spatial Planning processes Kusters, J., van Kann, F., Zuidema, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Protecting avian wildlife for wind farm siting: The Screening Tool Proof of Concept Salkanovic, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions
Geospatial dimensions of the renewable energy transition — The importance of prioritisation Butschek, F., Peters, J., Remmers, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Does renewable energy affect violent conflict? Exploring social opposition and injustice in the struggle over the Lake Turkana Wind Farm, Kenya Lomax, J., Mirumachi, N., Hautsch, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Offshore Wind Energy and Seabird Collision Vulnerability in California Grover, W. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecological impacts of the expansion of offshore wind farms on trophic level species of marine food chain Wang, L., Wang, B., Cen, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Evaluation method of marine spaces for the planning and exploitation of offshore wind farms in isolated territories. A two-island case study Velazquez-Medina, S., Santana-Sarmiento, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Effects of land-based wind turbine upsizing on community sound levels and power and energy density Hoen, B., Darlow, R., Haac, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions
U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Noise Reduction Associated with Installation of Fixed-Bottom Foundations: Workshop Report Green, R., Farr, H., Ryan, K. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Characterisation of underwater operational noise of two types of floating offshore wind turbines Risch, D., Favill, G., Marmo, B. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Seasonal patterns of bird and bat collision fatalities at wind turbines Lloyd, J., Butryn, R., Pearman-Gillman, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Towards Digital Twins of the Oceans: The Potential of Machine Learning for Monitoring the Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Environments Schneider, J., Klüner, A., Zielinski, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A network approach to analyse Australia’s blue economy policy and legislative arrangements Frohlich, M., Fidelman, P., Dutton, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Metabolomics for in situ monitoring of attached Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus edulis: Effects of offshore wind farms on aquatic organisms Wang, K., Gao, Z., Ru, X. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change, Noise Invertebrates
Sustainable wind energy planning through ecosystem service impact valuation and exergy: A study case in south-central Chile Martínez-Martínez, Y., Dewulf, J., Aguayo, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Controversy in wind energy construction projects: How social systems impact project performance LaPatin, M., Spearing, L., Tiedmann, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Anglers' support for an offshore wind farm: Fishing effects or clean energy symbolism Bidwell, D., Smythe, T., Tyler, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A Geospatial Analysis of Species of Interest in US Atlantic Wind Energy Areas O'Brien, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Assembly Bill 525 Offshore Wind Energy Permitting Roadmap MacDonald, R. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Residency and habitat use of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) within an offshore wind farm Thatcher, H., Stamp, T., Wilcockson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
New insights into the influence of turbines on the behaviour of migrant birds: implications for predicting impacts of offshore wind developments on wildlife Willmott, J., Forcey, G., Vukovich, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Magnetic Field Limit and Potential Impact of Offshore Wind Farm Submarine Cables in Ecosystems Li, X., Chen, J., Zhan, H. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Fish
Joint responsibility in the development of effective wind-turbine collision-reducing solutions May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
2023 North American State of the Bats Report Bat Conservation International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Offshore Wind Energy and Marine Biodiversity in the North Sea: Life Cycle Impact Assessment for Benthic Communities Li, C., Coolen, J., Scherer, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Physical Environment
Modeling migration and movement of gray bats Holliday, C., Wisby, J., Roby, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance Bats
Large-scale effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds of high conservation concern Garthe, S., Schwemmer, H., Peschko, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Projected cross-shore changes in upwelling induced by offshore wind farm development along the California coast Raghukumar, K., Nelson, T., Jacox, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative 6th Science and All Committees Meeting: 2022 Workshop Proceedings Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative (BWEC) Report Wind Energy Bats, Human Dimensions
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae are attracted by low-frequency noise simulating that of operating offshore wind farms Cresci, A., Zhang, G., Durif, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
Effective Stakeholder Engagement for Offshore Wind Energy Development: The State of New York's Fisheries and Environmental Technical Working Groups Brunbauer, M., Press, K., Williams, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Summary of Bats and Land-Based Wind Energy Development in the United States and Canada ECO Wind Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future Soukissian, T., O’Hagan, A-M., Azzellino, A. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Great Lakes Wind Energy Challenges and Opportunities Assessment Musial, W., Green, R., DeMeo, E. Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Social & Economic Data
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