Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents Related to Wind Energy

Total results: 6580
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Robust real-time detection of right whale upcalls using neural networks on the edge Hyer, M., Anderson, A., Mann, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Towards an ecosystem approach to a simulated floating wind farm combined with climate change in the Bay of Biscay (France) Merchand, M., Lasram, F., Araignous, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish
Oceanographic HF Radar Data Preservation in Wind Turbine Trockel, J., Trockel, D., Whelan, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Navigation
Ecological impacts of floating offshore wind on marine mammals and associated trophic interactions: current evidence and knowledge gaps Harris, C., Benjamins, S., Scott, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals
Unravelling the relationship between digitalisation and sustainable energy transitions using socio-technical-ecological scripts Schmidt-Scheele, R., Mattes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Monitoring of the physiological responses of marine fishes to construction and operation noise from offshore wind farms Kim, B., Jin, G., Byeon, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish
Spatio-temporal evolution and engineering implications of biofouling communities on floating wind turbines mooring lines Dubois, A., Schoefs, F., Cognie, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Life cycle assessment of concrete with wind turbine blade waste: A real case study Manso-Morato, J., Hurtado-Alonso, N., Skaf, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Spatiotemporal patterns in sex ratios of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in the United States Weaver, S., Hale, A., Nelson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Elasmobranchs in offshore wind farms Hermans, A., Sumner-Hempel, A., van den Brink, X. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction Fish
A flexible framework for species based regional cumulative effects assessments to support offshore wind energy planning and management Ferguson, M., Williams, K., Goodale, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Drivers, barriers and policy options to renewable energy development in Native American communities: A systematic review Nsude, C., Connelly, S., Demir, F. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Vibrations from Wind Turbines Increased Self-Pollination of Native Forbs, and White Bases Attracted Pollinators: Evidence Along a 28 km Gradient in a Natural Area Tronstad, L., Weschler, M., Storey, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Towards a Synergistic Multi-Use in the North Sea Satish, A., Respinis, M., Breuer, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Expected occurrence of wildlife in US Atlantic offshore wind areas Brill, D., Cleary, J., Roberts, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Shutdown on Demand for the mitigation of bird collision risk at onshore wind farms in South Africa Smallie, J., Froneman, A., Smith, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Assessing the availability and feasibility of renewable energy on the Great Barrier Reef-Australia Virah-Sawmy, D., Sturmberg, B., Harrison, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Short and long-term exposure of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) to an aluminum salt and to the cocktail of elements released by galvanic anode cathodic protection (GACP): impact on survival, growth, reproduction and behavior Blanc-Legendre, M., Gosselin, T., Caplat, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Fish, Demersal Fish
Offshore Wind Impact on Oceanographic Processes: North Carolina to New York, Volume 1 - RPS Georgas, N., Garavelli, L., Codiga, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Physiological and behavioral effects of underwater noise on the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) and the blackhead seabream (Acanthopagrus schlegelii) Wang, Z., Jin, R., Xu, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish
Does the oceanographic response to wind farm wind-wakes affect the spring phytoplankton bloom? Zampollo, A., Murray, R., Gallego, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes
Offshore Wind Energy and Whales: TBC Industry Briefing Note The Biodiversity Consultancy Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Coupling metal concentrations and drift simulations for tracing emissions from offshore wind farms Ebeling, A., Wippermann, D., Zimmermann, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment
Understanding the roles, limits, and best practices for community benefit agreements in U.S. offshore wind development Bingham, J., Miller, E., Ruscetta, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Multi-sensor Arrays Provide Complementary Information on Bat Presence and Activity in the Offshore Environment Amichai, E., Forcey, G., Vukovich, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Immediate and short-term effects of pile-driving on Hector’s dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, Aotearoa New Zealand Clement, D., Pavanato, H., Lenky, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
WWRM-Proceedings-May-2025 Gottlieb, I. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
The impacts of human-made structures on larval connectivity in the northern North Sea Barton, B., De Dominicis, M., Woolf, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Suitability of assessing population-level impacts from construction of a single wind farm – a case study on North Sea harbour porpoises van Geel, N., Benjamins, S., Marmo, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Harbour porpoise trends and offshore wind farm effects in the German Bight North Sea Rose, A., Braasch, A., Diederichs, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Occupancy of roe deer, water deer, and wild boar in wind farm-integrated forest ecosystems: A case study in Korea Kim, S., Dhakal, T., Cho, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Terrestrial Mammals
Metagenomic biodiversity assessment within an offshore wind farm Serivichyaswat, P., Scholte, T., Wilms, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Water Quality
Wind, Solar and Tidal Stream: Unleashing the Full Value of Welsh Renewables RenewableUK, Marine Energy Wales, Solar Energy UK Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Electric Fields Induced by Water Movement in Proximity to HVDC Submarine Cables Rzempoluch, J., Goddard, K., Chaudhary, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF
South Fork Wind Benthic Monitoring Program: Sediment Profile and Plan View Imaging (SPI/PV), ROV-based Sampling, and Sediment Grab Sampling INSPIRE Environmental Website Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
The costs of wind energy permitting compliance actions for regulated bats in the US Newman, C., Surrey, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
An analysis of fishers’ concerns and knowledge gaps relating to offshore wind development in Norway Utne-Palm, A., McQueen, K., Jong, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Fishing, offshore wind energy, climate change and marine spatial planning: Is it possible to plan for a best use of space? Trifonova, N., Scott, B., Watson, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Permitting for Port Infrastructure to Support Offshore Wind in California Yost, A., Jacobson, A. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
Knowledge is power? Information, partisan cleavages, and support for energy infrastructure Struthers, C., Cha, M., Brown, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
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