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Wind Energy

Image of a wind turbine
The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Wind Energy.

Total: 8162

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A framework for screening potential conflicts between wind farm development and Little Tern — a colony-shifting central-place-foraging seabird species Kamata, T., Ito, R., Hayakawa, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Economic, social, environmental, and institutional factors shaping onshore wind LCOE in Europe: Evidence from spatial panel models Kara, O., Acaroglu, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Financial participation and compensation schemes in the European wind energy sector: A systematic classification and assessment (2006–2025) Bucha, M., Lowitzsch, J., Camargo, L.R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Wind energy and protected areas on islands: Scaling, spatial intensity, inequality, and licensing outcomes across an archipelago Gallou, E., Xistrakis, F., Moustakas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Mitigating wildlife collisions with wind turbines: A review of techniques, evidence, knowledge gaps and avenues for future research Kuzovnikova, E., Whale, J., Shephard, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Exploring the prospects for a shared vision of offshore wind energy at the national level Jenkins, J., Malho, M., Kilpi, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Do wind energy installations alter gastrointestinal parasite infection patterns in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in central Poland? Pyziel, A., Slivinska, K., Sałamatin, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Terrestrial Mammals
Balancing energy and ecology: Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms and mitigation strategies – A scientometric review Das, P., Biswas, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
From parameter uncertainty to process simulation: rethinking collision risk models Dickins, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
The economy-wide implications of reaching the UK's 2030 offshore wind targets: The importance of grid flexibility Zanhouo, D., Turner, K., Zhou, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Marine Renewable Energy and Cumulative Effects Assessments: Summary of the State of Play Fulton, E., Hemery, L., Copping, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Offshore wind farm impacts on marine fauna across taxa and ecological levels: A global review La Manna, G., Merella, M., Crobu, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Storylines of Nature Inclusive Design in Dutch Offshore Wind Farm decommissioning Boer, F. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Assessing state biodiversity conservation planning and large-scale wind and solar energy development in the United States Condon, D., Bhartia, N., Jordaan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
Why support for net-zero technologies can be politically vulnerable: Evidence from Celtic Sea floating offshore wind Gregory, J., Thies, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Integrating avian habitat suitability and modelled potential migration corridors into an ecological suitability zoning framework for sustainable wind energy deployment on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau Li, J., Zhang, R., Ma, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Seasonal patterns of surface currents and Lagrangian coherent structures from a decade of high-frequency radar observations in a central California offshore wind energy area Walter, R., Choboter, P., Jayasinha, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow
The diversity benefits of marine artificial structures: A global meta-analysis with implications for offshore wind farms and nature-inclusive design Richards, K., Moore, P.J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction Fish, Invertebrates
Frequently Asked Questions: Offshore Wind and Birds Bird Communications Specialist Committee Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Hydrodynamic and sediment transport characteristics of an offshore wind farms in complex hydrodynamic environments Wang, J., Jia, L. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
The scope and severity of bat fatalities at US wind energy facilities Labuzzetta, C., Wiens, A., Udell, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Potential zoonotic transmission and environmental factors associated with Blastocystis sp. occurrence in wild roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Central Poland Korycińska, J., Lepczyńska, M., Kloch, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Seasonal Dynamics of Bat Activity in the Bosphorus Region (Istanbul, Türkiye): Acoustic Evidence for a Potential Migration Corridor Between Europe and Asia Gür, T., Çoraman, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Bats
Site-specific curtailment thresholds substantially reduce bat mortality at wind energy facilities Ravache, A., Mailhol, C., Normand, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life IV Popper, A., Sisneros, J., Lepper, P. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
First descriptions of common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) movements off the Eastern Coast of the United States using satellite telemetry Trabue, S., Cioffi, W., Aschettino, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Framework for circular economy strategies in wind turbine end-of-life management Doisy, P, Thakur, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Socio-Environmental Impacts Associated with Onshore Wind Turbines in Brazil: A Systematic Literature Review (2020–2025) Mesquita, A., Nunes, J., Rodrigues, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Multi-Scale Temporal Patterns of Small Cetacean Behaviour in the Bay of Biscay Tecchio, S., Couraud, L., Martinez, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Construction noise monitoring in the Ecowende HKW wind farm Part 1: Measured sound levels Beelen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Spatial Overlap Between Wind Power Licensing Areas and Potential Grazing Lands in Greece: A National Screening Assessment Kapsalis, D., Christakis, C., Yiakoulaki, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Terrestrial Mammals
The cost of regulatory delay: quantifying how permitting timelines affect offshore wind energy costs Santarromana, R., Abdulla, A., Morgan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Environmental controls on the detectability of hydrodynamic changes induced by offshore wind farm structures De Dominicis, M., O'Hara Murray, R., Gallego, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Migration bottlenecks: mapping available movement data to de-risk wind energy development at an early stage Jobson, B., Katariya, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds
Assessing the eco-efficiency of offshore wind energy using a combined life cycle assessment and data envelopment analysis approach Sobral-Lores, A., Rebolledo-Leiva, R., Feijoo, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Evaluating the sensitivity of raptors to wind turbine collisions: An integrative approach based on GPS tracking Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Zutter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Harnessing solar and wind energy in tall buildings in Australia: a life cycle energy and greenhouse gas emissions analysis Hong, Y., Stephan, A., Helal, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Bayesian Estimates of Collision Risk and Fatalities of Columbidae at Wind Turbines in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec Sánchez-Caballero, C., Seba-Palacios, M., Cardona-Valadez, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Vertical collision risk of Red-crowned Cranes at coastal onshore wind farms in eastern China Dong, K., Hu, X., Lu, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Understanding Community Perception Around Ocean Renewable Energy: Survey Report Lizama, R. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data

Displaying 1 - 40 of 8162 results