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Wind Energy

Image of a wind turbine
The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Wind Energy.

Total: 7885

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Wind energy and protected areas on islands: Scaling, spatial intensity, inequality, and licensing outcomes across an archipelago Gallou, E., Xistrakis, F., Moustakas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Exploring the prospects for a shared vision of offshore wind energy at the national level Jenkins, J., Malho, M., Kilpi, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Balancing energy and ecology: Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms and mitigation strategies – A scientometric review Das, P., Biswas, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Mitigating wildlife collisions with wind turbines: A review of techniques, evidence, knowledge gaps and avenues for future research Kuzovnikova, E., Whale, J., Shephard, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Storylines of Nature Inclusive Design in Dutch Offshore Wind Farm decommissioning Boer, F. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
The diversity benefits of marine artificial structures: A global meta-analysis with implications for offshore wind farms and nature-inclusive design Richards, K., Moore, P.J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction Fish, Invertebrates
Assessing state biodiversity conservation planning and large-scale wind and solar energy development in the United States Condon, D., Bhartia, N., Jordaan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life IV Popper, A., Sisneros, J., Lepper, P. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Framework for circular economy strategies in wind turbine end-of-life management Doisy, P, Thakur, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Sound pressure kurtosis analysis for impact pile driving including noise mitigation Peng, Y., Sertlek, O., Tsouvalas, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
A spare-share scenario framework for exploring biodiversity - onshore wind trade-offs in electricity system planning Javed, M.S., Gilad, D., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Biological responses to underwater noise in marine ecosystems: A systematic review of taxon-informed threshold ranges Park, S., Byeon, Y., Lee, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Making laws, making waves: new oceanic legal spaces and conditions for conflict in Australia's offshore wind regulation Larkin, N., Gibson, C., Carr, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore wind farms' impact on phytoplankton carbon and water quality: A multimethod analysis Guo, X., Li, G., Shi, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Water Quality
Ecological niche models as tools to support offshore wind farms in marine spatial planning: a case study of Pantelleria Island Cillufo, G., Ciriminna, L., Signa, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Mapping the Evidence for Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Installations on Birds Green-Tkacenko, L.A., Allen, M.C., Lockwood, J.L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds
Testing the anger and the being-moved path to anti-wind farm protest: The role of distributive justice and collective efficacy Katsarava, M., Gaschler, R., Landmann, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
The Economic Impact of South Fork Wind and Sunrise Wind Long Island Association Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Challenges for Sustainable Coastal Fisheries in a Changing Marine Environment: Spatiotemporal Impacts of Offshore Wind Farm Development in Taiwan Wu, Y-L., Hsiao, P-Y., Ponce, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Proximity to wind turbines altered plant–pollinator dynamics in prairie and sagebrush ecosystems in Wyoming, USA Weschler, M., Martin, B., Tronstad, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Invertebrates
Use of the Spatial Economic Benefit Analysis (SEBA) for Marine Spatial Planning: A Case Including Offshore Wind Energy and Fisheries in France Pawar, L., Gallic, B.L., Ramos, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
A Global LCIA Framework for Quantifying Seabed Damage from Bottom Trawling, Dredging, and Benthic Structures Anderson, S., Tveit, S., Stadler, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Projected impacts of future offshore wind farms on coastal precipitation over the Northwest European shelf Akhtar, N., Elizalde, A., Geyer, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
System interactions constraining offshore wind deployment in the Dutch North Sea Wakounig, I., Gooyert, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Mapping offshore wind potential and spatial trade-offs for marine planning in Caribbean Small Island Developing States Wang, X., Teng, X., Jonas, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Comparative Techno-Economic Feasibility Assessment of Onshore Wind Energy Deployment: A Multi-Site Analysis Bebi, E., Alcani, M., Gjeta, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Impacts of large-scale maintenance of a floating offshore wind farm on noise levels and harbour porpoise activity Harris, C.B., Benjamins, S., van Geel, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Sustainability in offshore wind development: a systematic review of sustainability concepts and development tensions Carvalho, T., Hellström, M., Tynkkynen, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Climatic Impacts of Large-Scale Wind Farms in Arid and Semi-Arid Region in China: A Case Study of the Huitengxile Wind Farm in Inner Mongolia Su, X., Yu, E., Liu, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment
Robust delivery, fragile legitimacy: How beliefs-rooted value conflict shapes project outcomes over time in an energy transition project Farid, P., Vos, M., Zerjav, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Community benefit agreement preferences for energy development offshore California, Oregon, and Washington: Insights from a choice-based conjoint experiment Taufiq, H., Stelmach, G., Rahman, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Exploring perceived impacts of onshore wind farms and the link to public support and experience Vedder, L., van den Broek, K., Junginger, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Preliminary evidence of intra-offshore wind farm variation in epibiotic assemblages from automated ROV image analysis Marlow, J., Halpin, J., Wilding, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction
Blowing Against the Winds of Change? the Relationship Between AW Initiatives and WT in Germany Gardt, M., Broekel, T., Gareis, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind Energy in Spain: Technological Evolution, Market Dynamics and Policy Outlook to 2030 Matos, C., Ferrando-Carrasco, R., Florido, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Toward process-based causality indicators for assessing and monitoring ecological impacts of offshore wind energy: a benthic perspective Laurino, I.R.A., Alves Silva, A.T., Olian, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Supergen ORE Hub (2026) Strategic Research Agenda Greaves, D., Brennan, F., Brown, S. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Identifying causes and consequences of ecosystem decline in the Irish Sea through bow-tie analysis Kolbuk, D., Bremner, J., Cahillane, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Impacts of Climate Change on Offshore Wind Power Density in Brazil Under Different Warming Scenarios Reis, J.S., Silva, F., Gomes, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Balancing marine species conservation with cost-effective renewable energy development Ganley, L., Redfern, J., O'Brien, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data

Displaying 1 - 40 of 7885 results