Skip to main content

Birds

Birds - Seagull
A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2948

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Impacts of Renewable Energy Sources on Biological Diversity and Conservation: An Overview Saad, S., Mohamed Abou El Leil, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Raptors
Advancing knowledge of non-breeding seabirds, in the context of offshore wind impact assessments Hall, R., Ruffino, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Assessing the associations between renewable energy generation and other human-induced threats to terrestrial biodiversity Gorosábel, A., Farooq, H., Mulligan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals
The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Offshore Energy and Environmental Research Ryu, S., Dempsey, L., Ampela, K. Summary Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
A Structured Techno-Economic and Socio-Regulatory Comparison of Onshore, Fixed-Bottom Offshore, and Floating Offshore Wind Energy Systems Koondhar, M. A., Afridi, S. K., Alsenani, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Beyond Local Footprints: Disentangling Large-­Scale Redistribution and Local Abundance Responses to Offshore Wind Farms Mercker, M., Garthe, S., Peschko, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Assessing vertical stratification of bats and nocturnal insects to infer potential collision risk at wind turbines in central Thailand Srilopan, S., Krauel, J., Srilopan, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Movement Models to Predict Low-Altitude Flight of Soaring Birds Using Look-Ahead Environmental Factors Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Quon, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Review of Aberdeen Bay Collision Monitoring Data Cook, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Coexistence between migratory birds and wind energy production: The Gotthard wind park (Switzerland) as a case study Tettamanti, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
SeabORD v2.0: An Individual-Based Model for estimating demographic impacts for breeding seabirds arising from offshore windfarm sub-lethal effects Searle, K., Pollock, C., Tigli, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Mapping avian sensitivity to support onshore wind energy development and bird conservation in two European countries Biasotto, L., Serratosa, J., Clark, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
The development of wind power leads to a decline in bird species richness Dang, D., Li, X., Lyu, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds
Wind energy expansion in Brazil and implications for the conservation of threatened amphibians, birds and reptiles de Oliveira, R., da Silva, J., Vital, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Reptiles
Avian macro-avoidance of an offshore wind farm in the Taiwan Strait, investigated using surveillance radar Bai, M-L., Lee, P-F., Lien, Y-Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
PrePARED Annual Report 2025 Marine Scotland, University of Aberdeen, SMRU Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Modelling Barrier Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds - Incorporating the current knowledge on barrier effects in a quantitative assessment framework Ijntema, G.J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Changes in the distribution and abundance of common scoter and diver species in the Horns Rev I, II and III offshore windfarm areas, Denmark, 2025: Bird distribution responses to wind farms, Horns Rev Scott-Hayward, L., Petersen, I.K., Mackenzie, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Underestimated Fatalities of a Cryptic Avian Species of Conservation Concern at Wind Energy Facilities in California, USA Katzner, T., Spicer, A., Ortiz, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Passerines
An individual-based model to quantify the non-breeding season impact of wind farms on seabirds Buckingham, L., Masden, E., Layton-Matthews, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Site selection for onshore wind energy in Iceland using GIS-based mapping Cook, D., Petursson, J.G., Hrabalikova, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Long-Term Decline in Bird Collisions at Operational Wind Farms: Evidence from Systematic Monitoring to Support Sustainable Wind Energy Development (2010–2024) Yordanov, N., Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bird and bat mortality at wind farms in South America: Lessons from monitoring and mitigation practices in Chile Santander, F., Morant, J., Perez-Garcia, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Bilan environnemental 2024 du parc éolien en mer de Saint-Brieuc Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Quantifying uncertainty (WP3): DisNBS – Effects of displacement from Offshore Renewable Developments in the nonbreeding season ORJIP Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Assessment of seabird vulnerability to offshore wind farms in China Cheng, C., Yao, W., He, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Wind energy and species reintroductions: a call to action for adaptive conservation planning Lopez-Lopez, P., Estellés-Domingo, I., Gil, J.A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Life cycle assessment of wind turbine systems: A statistical synthesis approach to address greenhouse gas emissions Faizan, M., Afgan, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Where would you site an offshore wind farm? Comparing an objective, constraints analysis approach with a subjective, all-stakeholder perspective approach using a multi-criteria decision support tool for offshore NW Ireland Wheeler, A.J., McFadden, J., Butschek, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2025 Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
The responsibility of Western European coastal states for the conservation of two emblematic migratory seabirds in the context of offshore wind farms Bernard, A., Courbin, N., Tornos, J. Journal Article Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Floating Offshore Wind Dynamic Cable EMF Environmental Review Offshore Renewable Energy (ORE) Catapult, Evolv Energies, St Abbs Marine Station Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Effects of wind turbine wakes on bird gliding aerodynamic performance Yang, X., Zhou, L., Sui, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
German Bird Study Finds 99% Avoid Turbines, SunZia Progress Hall, A., Barnes, R., Saxum, J. Podcast Wind Energy Collision Birds
High-resolution multi-sensor technology reveals low collision risk to seabirds in offshore wind farms Skov, H., Tjørnløv, R., Armitage, D. Journal Article Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
System Dynamics And Performance Prediction Of A Wind-Powered Acoustic Bird Deterrent System Ufuouma, O., Ekenna, E., Maxwell, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Modelling population-level impacts of wind farm collision risk on Welsh Red Kites: populations functionally linked to two Special Protection Areas Hereward, H., Macgregor, C., Gabb, O. Report Wind Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
The occurrence and breeding success of Red-throated Loon Gavia stellata and Black-throated Loon Gavia arctica in the vicinity of land-based wind turbines Eriksson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Summary report of stakeholder engagement (WP3): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments Hague, A., Miller, S.C., Jones, E.L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Uncertainty and approaches to evaluating uncertainty (WP1): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments Furness, R.W., Searle, K., Jones, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds

Displaying 41 - 80 of 2948 results