Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Quantification of mortality rates associated with displacement (QuMR) Final Report Searle, K., Daunt, F., Pollock, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Transport mechanisms of particulate emissions from artificial marine structures Czerner, N., Windt, C., Goseberg, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Physical Environment, Water Quality
Quantification of mortality rates associated with displacement (QuMR) Appendix C Searle, K., Daunt, F., Pollock, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
PrePARED Annual Report 2024 Marine Scotland, University of Aberdeen, SMRU Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Quantification of mortality rates associated with displacement (QuMR) Appendix A Searle, K., Daunt, F., Pollock, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
SEABIRD: System for Environmental Assessment of Bird/Bat Interactions with Real-Time Detection [Poster] Chang, G., Doolittle, D., Macrander, M. Presentation Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Towards a better understanding of avian collision in wind energy facilities using automatic detection systems Gémard, C., Duriez, O., Chappe, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Marine Renewable Energy: An Introduction to Environmental Effects OES-Environmental Summary Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Framework for assessing species vulnerability whilst on migration to a spatially explicit anthropogenic pressure Green, R., Burton, N., Cook, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Relative abundance, seasonal occurrence, and distribution of marine birds in the northern Gulf of Mexico Haney, C., Michael, P., Gleason, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Seabirds in 3D: A Framework to Evaluate Collision Vulnerability with Future Offshore Wind Developments - Interim Project Report #2: Assessing Tradeoffs between Seabird Density at Collision Risk Height and Wind Facility Performance Wallach, E., Chamberlin, C., Schneider, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Onderzoek 'zwarte wiek' Eemshaven Kleyheeg-Hartman, J., Jeninga, S., Kappers, E. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
Patterns in lek persistence and attendance by lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus) near a wind energy facility in southern Kansas LeBeau, C., Sattler, R., Ebenhoch, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Wind turbine noise pollution reduces songbird vocal presence through changes in abundance Lehnardt, Y., Klein, T., Barber, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds
Enhancing marine wildlife observations: the application of tethered balloon systems and advanced imaging sensors for sustainable marine energy development Amerson, A., Dexheimer, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Visual fields, foraging and collision vulnerability in gulls (Laridae) Cantlay, J., Portugal, S., Martin, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Improving decisionmaking in relation to offshore wind priority knowledge and decision support needs for Australia Australian Marine Conservation Society Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Exploring development of spatially stratified wind turbine collision risk prior distributions for eagles: An application of adaptive management Howell, P., New, L., Bjerre, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Offshore wind FAQs Australian Marine Conservation Society Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary Phillips, E., Wren, S., King, G. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Towards biologically realistic estimates of home range and spatial exposure for colonial animals Niven, H., Jeglinski, J., Aarts, G Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Offshore wind development: library of strategic compensatory measures Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs Webpage Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Sustainability Assessment of an Oscillating Water Column During the Design, Installation, Operation, and Disassembly Phases Gallego-Ramírez, C., López-Mosquera, J., Chica, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
North Sea I - offshore surveys of birds, bats and marine mammals USBL detection study Mikaelsen, M., Kyhn, L., Nørholm, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Scientific support to the trial of Spoor AI at the European Offshore Wind Deployment Centre Brighton, C., Clarke, J., Boersch-Supan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Collision effects of North Sea wind turbines on bird species within the Kader Ecologie & Cumulatie (KEC) 5.0 Ijntema, G.J., Heida, N., Leemans, J.J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Offshore Wind Energy in Canada: Charting an Ecologically Sustainable Future from International Law and Policy Coordinates and State Practices Alikhani, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats, Birds
As built register Task & Finish Group Workshop: Feedback Report Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC), Pathways to Growth Coordination Group Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Strategic seaweed farming to support protected seabirds impacted by offshore windfarms Furness, R., Furness, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Project Environmental Monitoring Plan: Kincardine Offshore WindFarm Project March 2025 Kincardine Offshore Wind Ltd, Broad Horizons Consulting Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
A review of existing methods to collect data on seabird flight height distributions and their use in offshore wind farm impact assessments Feather, A., Burton, N, Johnston, D.T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Vulnerability and behavioural avoidance of Golden Eagles near wind farms during the breeding season Maynard, L., Lemaître, J., Therrien, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
This is EPIC: Extensive Periphery for Impact and Control to study seabird habitat loss in and around offshore wind farms combining a peripheral control area and Bayesian statistics Grundlehner, A., Leopold, M., Kersten, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: EcoWind Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: WREN Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies Sun, P., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Ornithology Collision and Modelling Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Collision Birds
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Ornithology Displacement Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Displacement Birds
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Ornithology Tracking Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions Javaherian, M., Wang, A., Hall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Displaying 81 - 120 of 2731 results