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Birds

Birds - Seagull
A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2901

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Avian Ship-based Survey Final Post-Construction Monitoring Report Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
AWWI Technical Report: 2nd Edition: Summary of Bird Fatality Monitoring Data Contained in AWWIC Allison, T., Butryn, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Guidance document on wind energy developments and EU nature legislation European Commission Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Above and below: Military Aircraft Noise in Air and under Water at Whidbey Island, Washington Kuehne, L., Erbe, C., Ashe, E. Journal Article Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values Copping, A., Gorton, A., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Potential Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development—The State of the Science Copping, A., Hemery, L., Overhus, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Marine Ecosystem Assessment for the Southern Ocean: Birds and Marine Mammals in a Changing Climate Bestley, S., Ropert-Coudert, Y., Nash, S. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
The human dimensions of a green–green-dilemma:​ Lessons learned from the wind energy — wildlife conflict in Germany Straka, T., Fritze, M., Voigt, C. Journal Article Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: June 2020 Jervis, L., Arundale, M., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Аutumn 2020 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Wave and Tidal Stream Critical Evidence Needs Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Shift in proximate causes of mortality for six large migratory raptors over a century De Pascalis, F., Panuccio, M., Bacaro, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: May Surveys I & II 2020 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Use of Upland and Riparian Areas by Wintering Bald Eagles and Implications for Wind Energy Schmuecker, S., Becker, D., Lanzone, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Comparing methods to estimate the proportion of turbine-induced bird and bat mortality in the search area under a road and pad search protocol Maurer, J., Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A Review on Environmental and Social Impacts of Thermal Gradient and Tidal Currents Energy Conversion and Application to the Case of Chiapas, Mexico Rivera, G., Felix, A., Mendoza, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Associations of Synoptic Weather Conditions With Nocturnal Bird Migration Over the North Sea Manola, I., Bradaric, M., Groenland, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
The Wildlife Sensitivity Mapping Manual: Practical guidance for renewable energy planning in the European Union Allinson, T., Jobson, B., Crowe, O. Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Marine Mammals
New York Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) Meeting Summary – 5 October 2020 Gulka, J. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Limited accessibility and bias in wildlife-wind energy knowledge: A bilingual systematic review of a globally distributed bird group Fernandez-Bellon, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: January 2020 Jervis, L., Arundale, M., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: April Surveys I & II 2020 Jervis, L., Glew St. John, K., Arundale, M. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire – Suivi de l'avifaune et de la mégafaune marine: Société Parc du Banc de Guérande Octobre 2020 Biotope Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: February 2020 Jervis, L., Arundale, M., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: December 2019 Goulding, A., Arundale, M., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Factors affecting carcass detection at wind farms using dogs and human searchers del Valle, J., Peralta, F., Arjona, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: March 2020 Jervis, L., Arundale, M., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World Copping, A., Hemery, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines Sparling, C., Seitz, A., Masden, E. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Influence of land use change on the waterbird community of Sihwa Lake, Republic of Korea Lee, E., Sagong, J., Lee, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Block Island Wind Farm Beached Bird Survey – Final Summary Report 2019 Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Suivi de la dispersion des poussins d'alcidés originaires du cap Fréhel (Côtes d'Armor) en 2020 Cadiou, B., Jorigné, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Efficacy of different types of "bird flight diverter" in reducing bird mortality due to collision with transmission power lines Ferrer, M., Morandini, V., Baumbusch, R. Journal Article Collision Birds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Sixth Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Satellite telemetry and digital aerial surveys show strong displacement of red-throated divers (Gavia stellata) from offshore wind farms Heinänen, S., Zydelis, R., Kleinschmidt, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Stakeholder Workshop: Scientific Research Framework to Understand the Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats in the Eastern United States New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects HT Harvey and Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States Choi, D., Wittig, T., Kluever, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Seabird Survey Designs for the East Coast of Scotland Donovan, C., Caneco, B. Report Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Effect of wind farms on wintering ducks at an important wintering ground in China along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway Zhao, S., Xu, H., Song, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl

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