Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2812

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Modeling spatiotemporal abundance of mobile wildlife in highly variable environments using boosted GAMLSS hurdle models Smith, A., Hofner, B., Lamb, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Review of Raptor Sections of the Bluestone Wind Avian Risk Assessment Miller, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avoidance Behaviour of Migrating Raptors Approaching an Offshore Wind Farm Jacobsen, E., Jensen, F., Blew, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Raptors
Review of the migratory movements of Shelduck to inform understanding of potential interactions with the offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Green, R., Burton, N, Cook, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Billia Croo Test Site: Environmental Statement European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Report Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Resource selection and wintering phenology of White-winged Scoters in southern New England: Implications for offshore wind energy development Meattey, D., McWilliams, S., Paton, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results of Lease Area OCS-A 0512, Annual Report: November 2017 to October 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Goulding, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results Equinor Wind US, LLC Annex I: Summer 2016 – Spring 2017 Jervis, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Effectiveness of a mitigation measure for the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in wind farms in Spain Pescador, M., Ramírez, J., Peris, S. Journal Article Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results, Annex 1: Summer 2016 to Spring 2017 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Goulding, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Via Pontica-Myth and Reality for Birds and Wind Turbines Manev, T., Zehtindjiev, P. Guidance Wind Energy Birds
Operational offshore wind farms and associated ship traffic cause profound changes in distribution patterns of Loons (Gavia spp.) Mendel, B., Schwemmer, P., Peschko, V. Journal Article Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
New Creek Wind Project 2018 Post-construction Monitoring Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Comments on the Call for Information and Nominations for Commercial Leasing for Wind Power Development on the Outer Continental Shelf Offshore California Aylesworth, S., Krop, L., George, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Scottish Waters East Region Regional Sectoral Marine Plan Strategic Ornithology Study: final report Searle, K., Butler, A., Mobbs, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Considerations for Upscaling Individual Effects of Wind Energy Development Towards Population-Level Impacts on Wildlife May, R., Masden, E., Bennet, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 3. Offshore: Potential Effects Perrow, M. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Modeling effects of crop production, energy development and conservation-grassland loss on avian habitat Shaffer, J., Roth, C., Mushet, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
GoMAMN Strategic Bird Monitoring Guidelines: Waterfowl DeMaso, S., Brasher, M., Gleason, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Retrospective and Outlook for an Environmentally Sound Development of Offshore Wind Energy Lüdeke, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Marking a Decade of Monitoring, Research and Innovation Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects – 3.0: Description and assessment of cumulative effects resulting from the implementation of the 2030 Roadmap for Offshore Wind Energy Part C: Summary Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Summary of Activities and the Results of Ornithological Monitoring in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, 2018 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Seabirds Provencher, J., Borrelle, S., Sherley, R. Book Chapter Birds, Seabirds
Utility-scale wind energy development challenges in Pennsylvania, 2018 Rohrs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
World Seas: An Environmental Evaluation Volume III: Ecological Issues and Environmental Impacts Sheppard, C. Book Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects 3.0 for the roll-out of offshore wind energy 2030 Sub-report A: Methods Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation Moorman, C., Grodsky, S., Rupp, S. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Testing efficacy of bird deterrents at wind turbine facilities: a pilot study in Nova Scotia, Canada Dorey, K., Dicky, S., Walker, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E., Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Common Guillemots and offshore wind farms: an ecological discussion of statistical analyses conducted by Alain Zuur Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Rabie, P., Telander, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wind farms have cascading impacts on ecosystems across trophic levels Thaker, M., Zambre, A., Bhosale, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Kelsey, E., Felis, J., Czapanskiy, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
JNCC Report No. 627 Red-Throated Diver Energetics Project 2018 Field Season Report O'Brien, S., Ruffino, L., Lehikoinen, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Oceanographic drivers of marine mammal and seabird habitat-use across shelf-seas: A guide to key features and recommendations for future research and conservation management Cox, S., Embling, C., Hosegood, P. Journal Article Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
Predicting bird collisions with wind turbines: Comparison of the new empirical Flux Collision Model with the SOSS Band model Kleyheeg-Hartman, J., Krijgsveld, K., Collier, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms: loss of habitat for seabirds van der Wal, J., van Puijenbroek, M., Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Seabirds
GenEst Statistical Models — A Generalized Estimator of Mortality Dalthorp, D., Madsen, L., Huso, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Assessment of Potential Risks from Renewable Energy Development and Other Anthropogenic Factors to Wintering Golden Eagles in the Western United States Craig, E. , Fuller, Mark., Craig, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Displaying 1121 - 1160 of 2812 results