Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2812

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Assessing the Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Seabird Foraging Guilds Along the East Coast of the United States Goodale, M., Milman, A., Griffin, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
The Dynamic Ocean: Offshore Wind Energy and Other Activities in the New York Bight Williams, K.A., Stenhouse, I., Gulka, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Document cadre de la MR10 Soutien à la mise en œuvre d’actions de préservation des îlots utilisés comme site de nidification, en particulier pour le Goéland marin Le Guen, M., Leicher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
The consequences of seabird habitat loss from offshore wind turbines, version 2 van Kooten, T., Soudijn, F., Tulp, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Effects of turbine collision mortality on population dynamics of 13 bird species Potiek, A., Collier, M., Schekkerman, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Synopsis of Research Programs that can Provide Baseline and Monitoring Information for Offshore Energy Activities in the Pacific Region: Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys in the Pacific Region Adams, J., Lafferty, K., Kelsey, E. Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms Defingou, M., Bils, F., Horchler, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Effect of anthropogenic light on bird movement, habitat selection, and distribution: A systematic map protocol Adams, C., Blumenthal, A., Fernández-Juricic, E. Journal Article Lighting Birds
Avian Use Surveys for the Big Blue River Wind Project, Henry County, Indiana. Draft Report: December 2015 – November 2016 Good, R., Ciecka, A., McAlexander, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Better utilisation and transparency of bird data collected by TSOs Kettel, E., Thaxter, C., Oppel, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Minimizing Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines: Proceedings of the KNE Conference on May 15-16, 2019 in Kassel Bruns, E., Aschwanden, J., Musiol, F. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Birds
Is wind energy increasing the impact of socio-ecological change on Mediterranean mountain ecosystems? Insights from a modelling study relating wind power boost options with a declining species Ferreira, D., Freixo, C., Cabral, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines
Minimizing wildlife impacts for offshore wind energy development: Winning tradeoffs for seabirds in space and cetaceans in time Best, B., Halpin, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Annual environmental report 2018 – Belwind Belwind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Columbian sharp‐tailed grouse nesting ecology: wind energy and habitat Proett, M., Roberts, S., Horne, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Third Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Synthesizing expert opinion to assess the at-sea risks to seabirds in the western North Atlantic Lieske, D., Tranquilla, L., Ronconi, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Skookumchuck Wind Energy Project Proposed Habitat Conservation Plan and Incidental Take Permit for Marbled Murrelet, Bald Eagle, and Golden Eagle Lewis and Thurston Counties, Washington: Final Environmental Impact Statement Anchor QEA Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Attraction of nocturnally migrating birds to artificial light: The influence of colour, intensity and blinking mode under different cloud cover conditions Rebke, M., Dierschke, V., Weiner, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
Final License Application for the PacWave South Project Oregon State University Report Marine Energy, Wave Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Navigation
Landscape Factors Affecting Foraging Flight Altitudes of Great Blue Heron in Maine; Relevance to Wind Energy Development Dolinski, L. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Shorebirds
Wozep Ecological Programme: Tussenstand Wozep 2019 Offshore Wind Ecological Programme (Wozep) Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Localised anthropogenic wake generates a predictable foraging hotspot for top predators Lieber, L., Nimmo-Smith, W., Waggitt, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Changes in Flow Birds, Seabirds
Tracking Offshore Occurrence of Common Terns, Endangered Roseate Terns, and Threatened Piping Plovers with VHF Arrays Loring, P., Paton, P., McLaren, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2018-2019 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Review of the potential of seabird colony monitoring to inform monitoring programmes for consented offshore wind farm projects Cook, A., Humphreys, E., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Effects of development of wind energy and associated changes in land use on bird densities in upland areas Fernández‐Bellon, D., Wilson, M., Irwin, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy Deuel Harvest North Wind Farm Deuel County, South Dakota Simon, S., Welch-Acosta, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Bats
Wind Farm Effects on Migratory Flight of Swans and Foraging Distribution at Their Stopover Site Moriguchi, S., Mukai, H., Komachi, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Shorebirds
Estimating the Potential Mortality of Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) Due to Wind Energy Development on the Island of Crete (Greece) Xirouchakis, S., Armeni, E., Nikolopoulou, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Estimating Potential Costs of Cumulative Barrier Effects on Migrating Raptors: A Case Study Using Global Positioning System Tracking in Japan Kikuchi, D., Nakahara, T., Kitamura, W. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
Automatic Bird Identification for Offshore Wind Farms Niemi, J., Tanttu, J. Book Chapter Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Camera-Trapping Versus Conventional Methodology in the Assessment of Carcass Persistence for Fatality Estimation at Wind Farms Rosa, L., Neves, T., Vieira, D. Book Chapter Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Assess risk of individual turbines to Golden Eagles Miller, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Floating Offshore Wind Energy Technology: Innovation to Commercialization Northeastern University Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds
Hywind Tampen PUD del II – Konsekvensutredning Equinor Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters Rodríguez, A., Arcos, J., Bretagnolle, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
2018 Post - Construction Monitoring Study Black Oak Getty Wind Project Stearns County, Minnesota Pickle, J., Lombardi, J., Stucker, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
2018 Post-Construction Monitoring Study Red Pine Wind Energy Facility Lincoln County, Minnesota Trana, M., Hyzy, B., Pickle, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
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