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Legal & Policy

How governing bodies plan for and regulate renewable energy projects through policy and legal frameworks.

Legal

There are several local and federal agencies that must approve the various components of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project throughout the permitting process. A baseline environmental assessment is typically required to identify potential environmental concerns, including the presence of threatened or endangered species. Depending on the concerns identified during this assessment, monitoring and mitigation efforts may be required during facility construction, operation, and decommissioning.

 

Policy

An in-depth understanding of the potential environmental impacts of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project is extremely important in determining the governing policies surrounding the assessment and approval of the project. The level of risk of a project presents is typically determined by considering both the known consequences of a project’s development and the uncertainty around its potential impacts. Various local, state, and federal policies have been developed to support the growth of the wind and marine renewable energy industries in a sustainable manner.

 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Legal & Policy.

Total: 841

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Balancing act: the cost of wind restrictions in Norway's electricity transition Roithner, M., Velasco-Herrejón, P., van Greevenbroek, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Marine Renewable Energy and Its Role in Sustainable Blue Economy Gulbinskas, S. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Strategic Compensation Studies: Overview of Red-throated Diver Compensation Measures and Opportunities for Improving Ecological Outcomes Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Navigation
Economic Viability and Environmental Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Technologies: A Comparative Framework for Tidal Stream Energy and Offshore Wind Power in the United States Bajaj, A. Journal Article Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Passerines, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Navigation, Social & Economic Data
Environmental Monitoring & Faster Consenting for Offshore Wind Quinn, T., Rees, M., Whalley, C. Podcast Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Policy implications for offshore renewable energy in Australia: An MSP approach supporting the energy transition Griffiths, L., Goodman, C., Voyer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
When beyond compliance is the expectation: the realities of environmental planning and permitting for renewable energy projects in the great plains of the United States Burch, C., Loraamm, R., Nsude, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Global Offshore Wind Report 2025 Williams, R., Zhao, F., Melkonyan, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Supporting offshore wind growth: Automating data analysis in digital aerial surveys to enhance wildlife protection and survey efficiency Bartlett, B., Santos, M., Trslic, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Towards a Synergistic Multi-Use in the North Sea Satish, A., Respinis, M., Breuer, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED; outputs from 2024 meeting)) Vanaverbeke, J., Coolen, J., Chiarandon, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF, Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Recommendations to Heads of State and Government from the International Scientific Committee of the One Ocean Science Congress, Nice, 3-6 June 2025 Gattuso, J-P., Houllier, F., Adams, J. Report Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Towards Nature Positive for the Ocean: Pathways for Corporate Contributions Carrow, A., Lynch, L., Kroner, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Fact Sheet on Migratory Bats and Wind Energy Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) Guidance Wind Energy Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Market Opportunities for Offshore Wind in Atlantic Canada Net Zero Atlantic, Stantec Consulting, Energy and Environmental Economics (E3) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Policy Assessment for Offshore Wind in Atlantic Canada Net Zero Atlantic, Stantec Consulting, Energy and Environmental Economics (E3) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Understanding the roles, limits, and best practices for community benefit agreements in U.S. offshore wind development Bingham, J., Miller, E., Ruscetta, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Sea Change: How Policies, Laws, and Regulations Shape America's Offshore Energy Future Voparil, I., Bennett, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Future Framework for Offshore Renewable Energy 2025 Review Department of Environment, Climate and Communications Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Permitting for Port Infrastructure to Support Offshore Wind in California Yost, A., Jacobson, A. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
Underwater Noise Conflict Resolution: Framework Report Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Improving Decision Making In Relation to Offshore Wind Australian Marine Conservation Society, Australian Centre for Offshore Wind Energy, Biodiversity Council Australia Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation Hengstmann, E., Corella, P., Alter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Circular Economy for the Wind Sector with RWE Quinn, T., Rees, E., Bennet, L. Podcast Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment
End-of-life wind turbine blades and paths to a circular economy Deeny, P., Leahy, P., Campbell, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Parc éolien au large de la Bretagne Sud (AO5) – état initial de l'environnement Couraud, L., Blondeau, G., Maglio, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Navigation
Abandoning renewable energy projects in Europe and South America: An emerging consideration in the recycling of energy landscapes Frolova, M., Osorio-Aravena, J., Pérez-Pérez, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary Phillips, E., Wren, S., King, G. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore wind development: library of strategic compensatory measures Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs Webpage Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Balancing Offshore Wind Energy Development and Fishery Community Well-Being in Taiwan: A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Approach Liu, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Billion Dollar Bets: Navigating Offshore Energy Project Finance Voparil, I., Bennett, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wave energy technology development in Ireland: Employing the triple helix model of innovation for pragmatic policy interventions Barry, C., Ringwood, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Does Every Administration Flip Create Years of Offshore Energy Development Chaos? Voparil, I., Bennett, J., Hrobski, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Towards a Green Transformation: Legal Barriers to Onshore Wind Farm Construction Dobrowolski, Z., Adamisin, P., Babczuk, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Frameworks and best practices for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development Kuempel, C., Stockbridge, J., O'neil, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: OWEER Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies Sun, P., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Ministerial Speech Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Scottish Government Update Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions Javaherian, M., Wang, A., Hall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data

Displaying 81 - 120 of 841 results