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Legal & Policy

How governing bodies plan for and regulate renewable energy projects through policy and legal frameworks.

Legal

There are several local and federal agencies that must approve the various components of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project throughout the permitting process. A baseline environmental assessment is typically required to identify potential environmental concerns, including the presence of threatened or endangered species. Depending on the concerns identified during this assessment, monitoring and mitigation efforts may be required during facility construction, operation, and decommissioning.

 

Policy

An in-depth understanding of the potential environmental impacts of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project is extremely important in determining the governing policies surrounding the assessment and approval of the project. The level of risk of a project presents is typically determined by considering both the known consequences of a project’s development and the uncertainty around its potential impacts. Various local, state, and federal policies have been developed to support the growth of the wind and marine renewable energy industries in a sustainable manner.

 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Legal & Policy.

Total: 877

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation Hengstmann, E., Corella, P., Alter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Circular Economy for the Wind Sector with RWE Quinn, T., Rees, E., Bennet, L. Podcast Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment
Parc éolien au large de la Bretagne Sud (AO5) – état initial de l'environnement Couraud, L., Blondeau, G., Maglio, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Navigation
Abandoning renewable energy projects in Europe and South America: An emerging consideration in the recycling of energy landscapes Frolova, M., Osorio-Aravena, J., Pérez-Pérez, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
End-of-life wind turbine blades and paths to a circular economy Deeny, P., Leahy, P., Campbell, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary Phillips, E., Wren, S., King, G. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore wind development: library of strategic compensatory measures Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs Webpage Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Balancing Offshore Wind Energy Development and Fishery Community Well-Being in Taiwan: A Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Approach Liu, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Billion Dollar Bets: Navigating Offshore Energy Project Finance Voparil, I., Bennett, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wave energy technology development in Ireland: Employing the triple helix model of innovation for pragmatic policy interventions Barry, C., Ringwood, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Does Every Administration Flip Create Years of Offshore Energy Development Chaos? Voparil, I., Bennett, J., Hrobski, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Towards a Green Transformation: Legal Barriers to Onshore Wind Farm Construction Dobrowolski, Z., Adamisin, P., Babczuk, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Frameworks and best practices for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development Kuempel, C., Stockbridge, J., O'neil, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: OWEER Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies Sun, P., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Scottish Government Update Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
ScotMER 7th Symposium 2025: Ministerial Speech Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore wind development in the Great Lakes: challenges, resources and technical solutions Javaherian, M., Wang, A., Hall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
In the Shadows of Giant Turbines Voparil, I., Bennett, J., O'Connor, K. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
A Policy Scan of Cumulative Effects Assessment in Support of Renewable Clean Growth Projects in Canada Tedeschi, A., Stoot, L., Rytwinski, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Waste Management of Wind Turbine Blades—A Review of Recycling Methods and Applications in Cementitious Composites Jasińska, D., Dutkiewicz, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
End-of-life wind turbine blade management across energy transition: A life cycle analysis Alavi, Z., Khalilpour, K., Florin, N. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment
UK Ocean Energy Review 2024 Grattan, K., Noble, D., Jeffrey, H. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Guidelines for Providing Information for Mitigating Impacts to Commercial and For Hire Recreational Fisheries on the Outer Continental Shelf Pursuant to 30 CFR Part 585 BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
System impacts of wind energy developments: Key research challenges and opportunities McKenna, R., Lilliestam, J., Heinrichs, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Assessing Impacts of Offshore Wind Development: An Analysis of the Minimization of Economic Exposure of the Scallop Fishery Through the Regulatory Process Chaji, M., Ardini, G., Harsch, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Follow-up Overview of Renewable Energy Spatial Planning and Designation of Acceleration Areas in Selected EU Member States Krieger, S., Dünzen, K., Gibson, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Environmental effects of urban wind energy harvesting: a review Tsionas, I., Llaguno-Munitxa, M., Stephan, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Floating Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Nielsen, K., Robertson, B., Sierman, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Towards circularity in the wind industry: Optimal reverse supply network design under various policy scenarios Trivyza, N.L., Tuni, A., Rentizelas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Developing the Offshore Wind that Birds Need Seavy, N., Wojcicki, S., Madden, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Scottish Offshore Wind Energy Council (SOWEC) Innovation Guide Offshore Renewable Energy Catapult Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
State-Level Marine Energy Policy Case Study and Overview Behrmann, M., Gjestvang, K. Report Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2024 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Environmental Effects Monitoring Program Annual Report 2024 Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
SafeWave Deliverable 5.4 Guidance Document on a Risk Based, Adaptive Management Based Consenting Process for Wave Energy Projects in France and Ireland Verling, E., O'Hagan, A., Soulard, T. Report Marine Energy, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Scenarios for Replacing Conventional Energy With Offshore Renewable Energy Along the Central California Coast Ruttenberg, B., Wang, Y., Walter, R. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Offshore wind and impacts on migratory waterfowl of the Atlantic flyway White, M. Thesis Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Folk om havvind: Det er veldig i det blå Bratseth, K., Skjølsvold, T., Heidenreich, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Manufacturers' power strategy confronting marine energy instability and consumers' environmental concern: Incentive and data-driven policy analysis Niu, B., Deng, X., Wang, H. Journal Article Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data

Displaying 121 - 160 of 877 results