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Legal & Policy

How governing bodies plan for and regulate renewable energy projects through policy and legal frameworks.

Legal

There are several local and federal agencies that must approve the various components of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project throughout the permitting process. A baseline environmental assessment is typically required to identify potential environmental concerns, including the presence of threatened or endangered species. Depending on the concerns identified during this assessment, monitoring and mitigation efforts may be required during facility construction, operation, and decommissioning.

 

Policy

An in-depth understanding of the potential environmental impacts of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project is extremely important in determining the governing policies surrounding the assessment and approval of the project. The level of risk of a project presents is typically determined by considering both the known consequences of a project’s development and the uncertainty around its potential impacts. Various local, state, and federal policies have been developed to support the growth of the wind and marine renewable energy industries in a sustainable manner.

 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Legal & Policy.

Total: 877

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Establishing floating offshore wind as a mainstream energy solution Harvey, M., Coccoli, C. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Orkney Islands Regional Marine Plan Orkney Islands Council Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Health & Safety, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Powering the Offshore Wind Future in Northern Japan: Opportunities and Recommendations Ocean Energy Pathway Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Out With the Old: Empirical Trends in US Land-Based Wind Turbine Decommissioning and Repowering Rand, J., Kramer, L., Hoen, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Marine Renewable Energy Sector Vision 2050 Marine Renewables Canada Report Marine Energy, Riverine, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Comparative analysis of offshore and onshore wind turbines: Efficiency, design, and environmental impact Tanvir, M., Etminan, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
2025 UK Ocean Energy Review Grattan, K., Olsson, S., Noble, D. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Disruptive Innovation and Industrial Modernisation: Pathways to Securing Offshore Renewable Energy Supply Chain Competitiveness Grattan, K., Olsson, S., Noble, D. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Enabling Agri Energy Justice: Incorporating agricultural and energy justice into utility-scale onshore wind development on agricultural land Taylor, M., Sounness, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
The Ocean Equity Index Blythe, J., Claudet, J., Gill, D. Journal Article Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Regulation of chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: comparative analysis and policy recommendations for the North Sea Hengstmann, E., Hasenbein, S., Plaß, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Ocean renewable energy for equitable energy access in a Blue Economy Cisneros-Montemayor, A., Hirsch, S., Dillon, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Comparative analysis of onshore, offshore, and floating wind turbines for renewable energy systems: A review Koondhar, M., Albsha, L., Mahmoud, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Offshore renewable energy SMEs' innovation interactions across the triple helix: a management as practice perspective Barrett, G., Crowley, F. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Analysis of Technological Readiness Indexes for Offshore Renewable Energies in Ibero-American Countries Moscoloni, C., Gorr-Pozzi, E., Corrales-Gonzalez, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Harnessing Ocean Renewable Energy for India's Blue Economy: Opportunities, Challenges, and Policy Perspectives Bhatia, T., Srinivasan, S., Vallipriya, R. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
How strategic ecosystem monitoring and assessments are relevant to the management of a marine industry: Offshore wind electricity generation Turrell, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy
Blue vs blue: Competing visions of offshore renewables and ocean futures Bossi, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Marine renewable energy for hydrogen production: Advancing towards a sustainable future through technological, economic, and environmental frontiers– a review Taroual, K., Nachtane, M., Adeli, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Salinity Gradient, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Actual Deployment Potential of Atlantic Canada Offshore Wind Net Zero Atlantic, Stantec Consulting, Energy and Environmental Economics (E3) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Fostering a just energy transition: A framework for policy design IRENA Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Strategic Compensatory Delivery Mechanism Legal Note: Seabird Predation Reduction Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Cutting Through the Red Tape For Green Offshore Energy Voparil, I., Bennett, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Balancing wind energy expansion and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: A trait-based assessment of vulnerability to floating offshore wind farms for commercially important species Wawrzynkowski, P., Sabatés, A., Lloret, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals, EMF, Entanglement, Lighting, Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Summary report of stakeholder engagement (WP3): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments Hague, A., Miller, S.C., Jones, E.L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Environmental licensing of wind farms in the Global North and South: A review of guidelines and new proposals Santos, V., Cavalcante, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Recommendations and Roadmap (WP4): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments Butler, A., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., Hague, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
On the Concept of—and Legal Pathways Towards—Marine Co-existence: Sustainable Offshore Wind Energy in the Baltic and North Seas Neimane, L., Schütz, S., Gipperth, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
All tide up: addressing the regulatory and environmental barriers affecting tidal energy development in British Columbia Kelsey, A. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, EMF, Noise Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
A GIS-Based Framework for Evaluating Technical and Economic Prospects of Onshore Wind Energy: Case Study of Poland Benalcazar, P., Trzeciok, M., Kaminski, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Feasibility of implementing ecological compensation for offshore wind power in the Finnish Baltic Sea area Herronen, V., Jenkins, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Powering a Nature-Positive Future A Renewable Energy Roadmap Sarkar, M., Allinson, T., Asante-Owusu, R. Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Renewables Surpass Coal Globally, Despite US Setbacks Hall, A., Barnes, R., Saxum, J. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore Wind Farm Contributions to a Regional Environmental and Ecological Monitoring System to Address Multi-User Needs Kohut, J., Crowley, M., Coleman, K. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
On-shore wind power potential in Poland: A GIS-Based analysis of distance regulations Jurasz, J., Dabek, P., Bochenek, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Support for renewable energy: The case of wind power Germeshausen, R., Heim, S., Wagner, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Suitability for co-location of offshore aquaculture and wave energy in the US Caribbean Garavelli, L., Freeman, M., Grear, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal, Wave Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Foresight review of nature-positive engineering: Building with nature in coastal and marine environments Lloyd's Register Group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning
CWW 2025 Book of Abstract Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impact Conference Paper Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
A guide for co-locating marine energy and aquaculture Freeman, M., Garavelli, L., Branch, R. Conference Paper Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement

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