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Wind Energy

Image of a wind turbine
The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Wind Energy.

Total: 7622

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life IV Popper, A., Sisneros, J., Lepper, P. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Sound pressure kurtosis analysis for impact pile driving including noise mitigation Peng, Y., Sertlek, O., Tsouvalas, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Offshore wind farms' impact on phytoplankton carbon and water quality: A multimethod analysis Guo, X., Li, G., Shi, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Water Quality
Preliminary evidence of intra-offshore wind farm variation in epibiotic assemblages from automated ROV image analysis Marlow, J., Halpin, J., Wilding, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction
Community benefit agreement preferences for energy development offshore California, Oregon, and Washington: Insights from a choice-based conjoint experiment Taufiq, H., Stelmach, G., Rahman, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity and distance to settlements in the spatial allocation of wind power Luukkonen, S., Räsänen, A., Koivula, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
A spatially explicit environmental performance indicator accounting for different life-cycle impact pathways of onshore wind energy infrastructure Reto, S., Thomas, K., Roel, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment
Assessing the Underwater Impact of Aerodynamic Noise From Offshore Wind Turbines Botero-Bolívar, L., Marino Sánchez, O., de Frutos, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Bird Behavior and Physiology: Implications for Collision and Displacement Risk WREN, Dempsey, L., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Development of offshore wind farms from an environmental perspective Gkeka-Serpetsidaki, P., Dimitriou, I., Poursanidis, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Research Progress on the Impact of Wind Farms on Climate and Ecology Zhang, P., Gao, X., Han, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
The Third World Ocean Assessment (WOA III) United Nations (UN) Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Effects of Land-Based Wind Energy on Ecosystems WREN, Thant, Z., May, R. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
Empire Wind: Enhancing Marine Mammal Monitoring in Offshore Wind Construction Aniceto, A., Kriesell, H., Carduner, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Turbulence drives seabed modification by offshore windfarms Unsworth, C. , McCarron, C., Whitehouse, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Bird migration and wind-energy production across Western Europe Bauer, S., Nussbaumer, R., Tito, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Machine learning-based ensemble species distribution models to guide monitoring and survey design for offshore wind Ingram, E., Dunton, K., Frisk, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish
Role-Playing Case Study on Wind Farm Acoustics: From Technology to Environmental Justice Lai, H., Balant, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy Noise
DiverLog: Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on the Behaviour, Energetics and Habitat Use of Red-throated Divers Burger, C., Salazar, S., Liedtke, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Limited effect of the electromagnetic field associated with submarine power cables on the growth of the Baltic macroalgae Jakubowska-Lehrmann, M., Zgrundo, A., Czmajduch, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Water Quality
More than a box to check: the experience of state and federal wildlife regulators in the renewable energy development process Burch, C., Loraamm, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
National Offshore Wind Impact Metrics: Quantitative Analysis Volume II Sinfield, J., Gonzalez-Martin, M., Groenveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Renewable energy growth amplifies land pressure on Norwegian biodiversity Borgelt, J., Gilad, D., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Public participation, institutional trust, and distributive justice in wind and solar projects Miguel, T., Robaina, M., Botelho, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Assessing the impacts of offshore wind turbines on suspended sediments concentration in northern China coastal waters on the basis of Sentinel-1/2 Hou, Y., Yu, D., Xing, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Tahkoluodon merituulipuiston vaikutus lintujen lentotiheyksiin ja -reitteihin Mäkelä, P., Niemi, J., Pasanen, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Propagation characteristics of underwater noise from operational offshore wind farms and assessment of potential auditory interference risk to fish Li, C., Zhang, P., Tang, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Store Middelgrund Monopile Removal: How Far Can Sound Emissions from Decommissioning Impact on the Harbour Porpoise? Pace, F., Sarnocinska-Kot, J., Yubero, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Part 2: Compensation hierarchy and evidence required (offshore wind) UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Part 1: When and how to compensate for environmental harm (offshore wind) UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
3rd Edition: Summary of Bat Fatality Monitoring Data Contained in AWWIC Land-based Wind Energy Monitoring Database Schauber, E., Butryn, R., Felton, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Tethys Wind Fact Sheet Tethys Summary Wind Energy
Offshore wind farms reshape ocean stratification and productivity differently in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea Maar, M., Schourup-Kristensen, V., Mohn, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Localized and temporary vessel traffic changes from offshore wind development on the US East Coast pose limited risk to large whales Bishop, A., Meyer-Gutbrod, E., Nowacek, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Raptor exposure to collision risk in relation to weather and season at a wind farm in tropical Africa Kimani, D., Ndiritu, G., Kimuyu, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Best practice guidance for the installation of monitoring equipment to support post construction seabird collision monitoring at offshore wind farms Valantiejus, Ž., Boersch-Supan, P., Thaxter, C. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Mooring Sensors for Environmental Awareness (MoorSEA)—Environmental Data Memo H.T. Harvey & Associates, Schatz Energy Research Center Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Enabling Research in the Tidal Energy Sector Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN) Report Wind Energy
Project Anemone – Colocation of Offshore Wind, CO2 Storage & Oil and Gas Offshore Energies UK (OEUK), Decarb Scotland, ORE Catapult Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement
Mitigating underwater noise from offshore wind turbines via individual pitch control de Frutos, M., Botero-Bolívar, L., Ferrer, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise

Displaying 1 - 40 of 7622 results