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Wind Energy

Image of a wind turbine
The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Wind Energy.

Total: 7997

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A framework for screening potential conflicts between wind farm development and Little Tern — a colony-shifting central-place-foraging seabird species Kamata, T., Ito, R., Hayakawa, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Financial participation and compensation schemes in the European wind energy sector: A systematic classification and assessment (2006–2025) Bucha, M., Lowitzsch, J., Camargo, L.R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Wind energy and protected areas on islands: Scaling, spatial intensity, inequality, and licensing outcomes across an archipelago Gallou, E., Xistrakis, F., Moustakas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Balancing energy and ecology: Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms and mitigation strategies – A scientometric review Das, P., Biswas, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
From parameter uncertainty to process simulation: rethinking collision risk models Dickins, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Marine Renewable Energy and Cumulative Effects Assessments: Summary of the State of Play Fulton, E., Hemery, L., Copping, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Mitigating wildlife collisions with wind turbines: A review of techniques, evidence, knowledge gaps and avenues for future research Kuzovnikova, E., Whale, J., Shephard, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Exploring the prospects for a shared vision of offshore wind energy at the national level Jenkins, J., Malho, M., Kilpi, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Storylines of Nature Inclusive Design in Dutch Offshore Wind Farm decommissioning Boer, F. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
The diversity benefits of marine artificial structures: A global meta-analysis with implications for offshore wind farms and nature-inclusive design Richards, K., Moore, P.J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction Fish, Invertebrates
Assessing state biodiversity conservation planning and large-scale wind and solar energy development in the United States Condon, D., Bhartia, N., Jordaan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life IV Popper, A., Sisneros, J., Lepper, P. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Framework for circular economy strategies in wind turbine end-of-life management Doisy, P, Thakur, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Sound pressure kurtosis analysis for impact pile driving including noise mitigation Peng, Y., Sertlek, O., Tsouvalas, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Physical and Biogeochemical Ocean Response to Potential Offshore Wind Development Along the U.S. West Coast Jacox, M., Chartand, C., Conte, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Hoary Bat (Lasiurus cinereus) ecology and conservation through the lens of the full annual cycle Felton, S., Weller, T., Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Shared Seas, Shared Decisions Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Spatial redistribution of divers in response to offshore wind farms: A joint-likelihood Bayesian approach to assess seabird distribution changes Vilela, R., Burger, C., Diederichs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Passive acoustic monitoring as a tool for offshore wind farm biodiversity assessments: a pilot study De Clippele, L., Barenett, R., Bolgan, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
Tagging and Tracking of Seabirds on the West Coast of Scotland Scottish Government Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Atlantic salmon and sea trout - migration routes and behaviour: acoustic tracking study Scottish Government Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish
The Politics of Procurement: Green Industrial Policy Through Non-Price Criteria in European Offshore Wind Auctions Rogissart. S., De La Cruz, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Global offshore wind financing reveals evolving investor risk attitudes, deal structures, and market dynamics Jansen, M., Ameli, N., Ostrovnaya, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Linking blue economy sectors to ecosystem services and socio-economic priorities: a framework for integrated maritime spatial planning Pegorelli, C., Rayo-Luengo, S., Garcia-Onetti, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The effects of playbacks of anthropogenic noise on the anti-predator behaviour of Pacific sand lance, Ammodytes personatus White, M., Juanes, F., O'Hara, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Largest discovered population of the endangered Scleractinian coral Dendrophyllia ramea off the Canary Islands (Spain) Oliva, S., Martin-Sosa, P., Vinha, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
A spare-share scenario framework for exploring biodiversity - onshore wind trade-offs in electricity system planning Javed, M.S., Gilad, D., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind energy in Italy: An extensive assessment of the environmental profile of onshore turbines Acconito, L., Autelitano, K., Famiglietti, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Empowering Wind Energy Output Optimization: Comparative Assessment of Hybrid Artificial Intelligence Models Towards Wind Speed Forecasting Accuracy Rashid, L.B., Rehman, S., Zayed, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement
Seabed Mobility Guidance: Best Practice Recommendations for Offshore Installations Stirling, M., Cooper, B., Black, K. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Making laws, making waves: new oceanic legal spaces and conditions for conflict in Australia's offshore wind regulation Larkin, N., Gibson, C., Carr, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Renewable energy caves: water replenishment holes in offshore monopiles create novel marine habitats Kornau, L., Leutelt, B., van Sluis, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Water Quality
Offshore wind farms' impact on phytoplankton carbon and water quality: A multimethod analysis Guo, X., Li, G., Shi, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Water Quality
Biological responses to underwater noise in marine ecosystems: A systematic review of taxon-informed threshold ranges Park, S., Byeon, Y., Lee, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Low frequency offshore wind farm noise affects natural planktonic communities during an in situ microcosm experiment in Norwegian coastal waters Courboulès, J., Soulié, T., Rojas, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Movement Responses of Seals During Pile Driving for Offshore Wind Farm Construction Whyte, K., Hastie, G., Sparling, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Optimising bat-friendly curtailment algorithms for wind turbines Barre, K., Kravchenko, K., Chambert, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Evidence mapping of the causes and effects of habitat change attributed to offshore wind development is important for determining impacts on fisheries species Gill, A., Gilmour, F., Adamack, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish
Integrated Reanalysis-Based Metocean Characterisation for IEC-Oriented Offshore Wind Screening in the Gulf of Tonkin Pham, T., Le, D., Dinh, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Assessment of Wind-Farm-Atmosphere Interactions at the Sørlige Nordsjø II Large Offshore Wind Farm: A Comparative LES and Analytical Wake Study Bakhoday-Paskyabi, M., Ning, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind

Displaying 1 - 40 of 7997 results