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Wind Energy

Image of a wind turbine
The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Wind Energy.

Total: 7536

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Sound pressure kurtosis analysis for impact pile driving including noise mitigation Peng, Y., Sertlek, O., Tsouvalas, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Community benefit agreement preferences for energy development offshore California, Oregon, and Washington: Insights from a choice-based conjoint experiment Taufiq, H., Stelmach, G., Rahman, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Development of offshore wind farms from an environmental perspective Gkeka-Serpetsidaki, P., Dimitriou, I., Poursanidis, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Effects of Land-Based Wind Energy on Ecosystems WREN, Thant, Z., May, R. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
Turbulence drives seabed modification by offshore windfarms Unsworth, C. , McCarron, C., Whitehouse, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
Bird migration and wind-energy production across Western Europe Bauer, S., Nussbaumer, R., Tito, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Assessing the impacts of offshore wind turbines on suspended sediments concentration in northern China coastal waters on the basis of Sentinel-1/2 Hou, Y., Yu, D., Xing, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
More than a box to check: the experience of state and federal wildlife regulators in the renewable energy development process Burch, C., Loraamm, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Renewable energy growth amplifies land pressure on Norwegian biodiversity Borgelt, J., Gilad, D., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Tahkoluodon merituulipuiston vaikutus lintujen lentotiheyksiin ja -reitteihin Mäkelä, P., Niemi, J., Pasanen, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Store Middelgrund Monopile Removal: How Far Can Sound Emissions from Decommissioning Impact on the Harbour Porpoise? Pace, F., Sarnocinska-Kot, J., Yubero, R. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Part 1: When and how to compensate for environmental harm (offshore wind) UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Part 2: Compensation hierarchy and evidence required (offshore wind) UK Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
3rd Edition: Summary of Bat Fatality Monitoring Data Contained in AWWIC Land-based Wind Energy Monitoring Database Schauber, E., Butryn, R., Felton, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Tethys Wind Fact Sheet Tethys Summary Wind Energy
Offshore wind farms reshape ocean stratification and productivity differently in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea Maar, M., Schourup-Kristensen, V., Mohn, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Localized and temporary vessel traffic changes from offshore wind development on the US East Coast pose limited risk to large whales Bishop, A., Meyer-Gutbrod, E., Nowacek, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Raptor exposure to collision risk in relation to weather and season at a wind farm in tropical Africa Kimani, D., Ndiritu, G., Kimuyu, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
A call to standardize metrics for monitoring baleen whales near marine construction activities Szesciorka, A., Severy, M., Ampela, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Best practice guidance for the collection, management and analysis of data to support post-construction seabird collision monitoring at offshore wind farms Valantiejus, Ž., Boersch-Supan, P., Thaxter, C. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Interactions between Offshore Wind Farms and Fisheries in European waters Cosgrove, R., Tray, E., Murphy, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Just Transition and Coastal Communities: Case studies of Orkney, North East Scotland and the Humber Estuary McCarron, A., Shapovalova, D., Potts, T. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Best practice guidance for the installation of monitoring equipment to support post construction seabird collision monitoring at offshore wind farms Valantiejus, Ž., Boersch-Supan, P., Thaxter, C. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Mooring Sensors for Environmental Awareness (MoorSEA)—Environmental Data Memo H.T. Harvey & Associates, Schatz Energy Research Center Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Enabling Research in the Tidal Energy Sector Fundy Energy Research Network (FERN) Report Wind Energy
Mitigating underwater noise from offshore wind turbines via individual pitch control de Frutos, M., Botero-Bolívar, L., Ferrer, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Project Anemone – Colocation of Offshore Wind, CO2 Storage & Oil and Gas Offshore Energies UK (OEUK), Decarb Scotland, ORE Catapult Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Stakeholder Engagement
Rethinking the responsible application of nature-inclusive design in marine infrastructure to restore ecosystems and enhance biodiversity Degraer, S., Cornacchia, L., Ziemba, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction
Species-specific acoustic responses by bats to ultrasonic stimuli used for reducing bat-wind turbine interactions Guest, E., Weaver, S., Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Exploring the Social Acceptance of Offshore Wind Farms in Morocco Hanan, K., Nozomu, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Infrasonic acoustic energy produced by offshore wind turbine energy generation may interfere with bird and cetacean navigation cues Stocker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Avoiding and Minimising Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind and Grid Infrastructure Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
The Role of Environmental NGOs in the Renewable Energy–Environmental Interface Burch, C., Loraamm, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Airflow Dynamics and Bat Behavior Near Wind Energy Turbines and Trees Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Wind Energy Dis- and Misinformation Wind Europe Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Commercial and operational implications of Noise Management Methods (NMM) for offshore wind projects Offshore Wind Industry Council (OWIC) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Frequently Asked Questions: Offshore Wind and Birds Bird Communications Specialist Committee Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Seabirds in 3D: A framework to evaluate collision vulnerability with future offshore wind developments in the California current system Schneider, S., Wallach, E., Chamberlin, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Bat Visual Systems and Wind Energy Clerc, J., Dempsey, L., ECO Wind Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Lighting Bats
Land-Based Wind Energy Stimuli and Wildlife Sensory Environments Dempsey, L., Clerc, J., ECO Wind Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise

Displaying 1 - 40 of 7536 results