Legal & Policy

How governing bodies plan for and regulate renewable energy projects through policy and legal frameworks.

Legal

There are several local and federal agencies that must approve the various components of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project throughout the permitting process. A baseline environmental assessment is typically required to identify potential environmental concerns, including the presence of threatened or endangered species. Depending on the concerns identified during this assessment, monitoring and mitigation efforts may be required during facility construction, operation, and decommissioning.

 

Policy

An in-depth understanding of the potential environmental impacts of a land-based wind, offshore wind, or marine renewable energy project is extremely important in determining the governing policies surrounding the assessment and approval of the project. The level of risk of a project presents is typically determined by considering both the known consequences of a project’s development and the uncertainty around its potential impacts. Various local, state, and federal policies have been developed to support the growth of the wind and marine renewable energy industries in a sustainable manner.

 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Legal & Policy.

Total: 758

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Powering the Blue Economy: An Assessment of Marine Renewable Energies Guduru, S., Narula, K. Book Chapter Marine Energy, OTEC, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Noise pollution from wind turbines and its effects on wildlife: A cross-national analysis of current policies and planning regulations Teff-Seker, Y., Berger-Tal, O., Lehnardt, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
"We could have been leaders": The rise and fall of offshore wind energy on the political agenda in Ireland Roux, J-P., Fitch-Roy, O., Devine-Wright, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Mitigating Negative Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy on Biodiversity: The Role of International Environmental Law Marauhn, T., Böhringer, A-M., Jaś-Nowopolska, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Curtailment as a successful method for reducing bat mortality at a southern Australian wind farm Bennett, E., Florent, S., Venosta, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind turbines without curtailment produce large numbers of bat fatalities throughout their lifetime: A call against ignorance and neglect Voigt, C., Kaiser, K., Look, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Case study on the novel permitting and authorization of PacWave South, a US grid-connected wave energy test facility: Development, challenges, and insights Freeman, M., O'Neil, R., Garavelli, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A decade of underwater noise research in support of the European Marine Strategy Framework Directive Merchant, N., Putland, R., André, M. Journal Article Noise Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wave energy: history, implementations, environmental impacts, and economics Li, H., Sun, X., Zhou, H. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave Chemicals, Collision, Displacement Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
The Potential Compatibility of Designating Offshore Wind Farms within Wider Marine Protected Areas—Conservation of the Chinese White Dolphin Regarding Fishers’ Perception Jhan, H-T., Lee, H-T., Ting, K-H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Decommissioning of Offshore Renewable Energy Installations in Scottish waters or in the Scottish part of the Renewable Energy Zone under The Energy Act 2004 The Scottish Government Guidance Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Hawkeye State Headwinds: A Case Study of Local Opposition and Siting Challenges for Large Scale Wind Development in Iowa Kelly, C., Nelson, S., Herter, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
End of Life Materials Mapping for Offshore Wind in Scotland Bennet, L., Spyroudi, A., Stevenson, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
State-of-the-art review of the flexibility and feasibility of emerging offshore and coastal ocean energy technologies in East and Southeast Asia Li, M., Luo, H., Zhou, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
A comparative study of laws and policies on supporting marine energy development in China and Korea Ko, D., Ge, Y., Park, J.S. Journal Article Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
“After the leases are signed, it's a done deal”: Exploring procedural injustices for utility-scale wind energy planning in the United States Elmallah, S., Rand, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Good Practice Guidance for assessing fisheries displacement by other licensed marine activities: Literature Review Xodus Group Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Offshore wind power - the new trend for economic development and security of island sovereignty Doan, T., Tran, Q. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Environmental Impacts of Global Offshore Wind Energy Development until 2040 Li, C., Mogollón, J., Tukker, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Community Support and Opposition Nelder, C., Mills, S. Podcast Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
An ecosystem-based natural capital evaluation framework that combines environmental and socio-economic implications of offshore renewable energy developments Trifonova, N., Scott, B., Griffin, R. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Key factors influencing onshore wind energy development: A case study from the German North Sea region Kiunke, T., Gemignani, N., Malheiro, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Essential Environmental Concepts for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in Europe Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Accelerating Market Uptake of Floating Offshore Wind Technology (AFLOWT) Brocklehurst, J. , Bradshaw, K. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Last Stop to 2025: A 2022 Action Plan to deliver on the Offshore Strategy’s Ocean Energy Target Collombet, R. Guidance Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Flight characteristics forecast entry by eagles into rotor-swept zones of wind turbines Rolek, B., Braham, M., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Guideline for underwater noise: Installation of impact or vibratory driven piles Danish Energy Agency Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Impact of innovation in marine energy generation, distribution, or transmission-related technologies on carbon dioxide emissions in the United States Liguo, X., Ahmad, M., Khattak, S. Journal Article Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Social & Economic Data
Marine Renewable Energy (MRE) in the Tropics: An Overview of MRE Potential in Oaxaca, Mexico Oman, J. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data
Wind Farms and Power Lines Have Negative Effects on Territory Occupancy in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) Husby, M., Pearson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Review and outlook on the international renewable energy development Zhao, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Future offshore wind scenarios: an assessment of deployment drivers Arup Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Background Information Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Report Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Data Transferability Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Report Marine Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Acceptable Levels of Impact from offshore wind farms on the Dutch Continental Shelf for 21 bird species Potiek, A., Ijntema, G.J., van Kooten, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Supporting National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Offshore Wind Energy Development Related to Decommissioning Offshore Wind Facilities Fernandez, K., Middleton, P., Salerno, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
It Is a Balancing Act: The Interface of Scientific Evidence and Policy in Support of Effective Marine Environmental Management Lonsdale, J., Gill, A., Alliji, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The Interplay Between EU Law and Regional Sea Conventions: Shaping Environmental Protection in Relation to Offshore Energy Production Across Europe? Giannopoulos, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2021 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Using Sea Water For Heating, Cooling And Power Production Natural Resources Canada Report Marine Energy, OTEC Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
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