Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Megafauna Aerial Surveys in the Wind Energy Areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with Emphasis on Large Whales: Interim Report Campaign 6A, 2020 O'Brien, O., McKenna, K., Pendleton, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Impact of wind power plants on mammalian and avian wildlife species in shrub- and woodlands Schöll, E., Nopp-Mayr, U. Journal Article Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
A predictive model for improving placement of wind turbines to minimise collision risk potential for a large soaring raptor Murgatroyd, M., Bouten, W., Amar, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Temporal Patterns in Offshore Bird Abundance During the Breeding Season at the Dutch North Sea Coast van Erp, J., Loon, E., Camphuysen, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Estimating bird flight height using 3-D photogrammetry Prinsloo, N., Postma, M., Ryan, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea Zburlea, L., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Predicting Bald Eagle Collision at Wind Energy Facilities Nasman, K., Bay, K., Mattson, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Supporting National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Offshore Wind Energy Development Related to Avian Species Research Fernandez, K., Middleton, P., Salerno, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Assessing the vulnerability of breeding bird populations to onshore wind-energy developments in Finland Balotari-Chiebao, F., Valkama, J., Byholm, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Radar-based Detection of Birds at Wind Turbines: Numerical Analysis for Optimum Coverage Zadeh, A., Malzer, M., Nguyen, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Migratory movements of British and Irish Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna: a review of ringing data and a pilot tracking study to inform potential interactions with offshore wind farms in the North Sea Green, R., Burton, N., Cook, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Short Science Summary: European Grouse and Wind Energy Development WREN, Coppes, J., Bollmann, K. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Response of waterbird abundance and flight behavior to a coastal wind farm on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Bai, M-L., Chih, W-C., Lee, P-F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
AWWI Technical Report: Performance of the GenEst Mortality Estimator Compared to the Huso and Shoenfeld Estimators Rabie, P., Riser-Espinoza, D., Studyvin, J. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
U.S. Geological Survey Migratory Bird Science, 2020–21 Pearse, A., Sherfy, M., Wimer, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Physical Environment
Novel Application and Validation of a Method to Assess Visual Impacts of Rotating Wind Turbine Blades Within Woodland Areas Nopp-Mayr, U., Kunz, F., Suppan, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Visual Impacts
The Use of Animal-Borne Biologging and Telemetry Data to Quantify Spatial Overlap of Wildlife with Marine Renewables Isaksson, N., Cleasby, I., Owen, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: November 2020 Jervis, L., Arundale, M., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: September Surveys I & II 2020 Arundale, M., Jervis, L., Warford, S. Report Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Biodiversity and bird surveys in Finnish environmental impact assessments and follow-up monitoring Mäkeläinen, S., Lehikoinen, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
ECO Wind Factsheet ECO Wind Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2020-2021 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report: October 2020 Goulding, A., Warford, S., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines McClure, C., Rolek, B., Dunn, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Application of a multibeam echosounder to document changes in animal movement and behaviour around a tidal turbine structure Williamson, B., Blondel, P., Williamson, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
MOTION OF THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRIC PROGRAM INVESTMENT CHARGE INTERIM INVESTMENT PLAN 2021 California Energy Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A Runway Safety System Based on Vertically Oriented Stereovision Gradolewski, D., Dziak, D., Kaniecki, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
The soundscape of the Anthropocene ocean Duarte, C., Chapuis, L., Collin, S. Journal Article Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) are strongly affected by operating offshore wind farms during the breeding season Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Mercker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Calculation of biodiversity level between different land-uses to improve conservation outcomes of biodiversity offsetting Millon, L., Barre, K., Julliard, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Final Report of the California Current Ecosystem Survey (CCES) 2018: A PacMAPPS Study Moore, J. Report Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Limitations, lack of standardization, and recommended best practices in studies of renewable energy effects on birds and bats Conkling, T., Loss, S., Diffendorfer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wind energy facilities affect resource selection of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Taubmann, J., Kämmerle, J., Andrén, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Final Technical Report: A Heterogeneous System for Eagle Detection, Deterrent, and Wildlife Collision Detection for Wind Turbines Albertani, R., Clocker, K., Hu, C. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
A new hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach for location selection of sustainable offshore wind energy stations: A case study Abdel-Basset, M., Gamal, A., Chakrabortty, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Black kites of different age and sex show similar avoidance responses to wind turbines during migration Santos, C., Ferraz, R., Muñoz, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Methods to quantify avian airspace use in relation to wind energy development Largey, N., Cook, A., Thaxter, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wind energy in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: conflicts and social implications Martínez-Mendoza, E., Rivas-Tovar, L., García-Santamaría, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Comprehensive Bird Preservation at Wind Farms Gradolwski, D., Dziak, D., Martynow, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
X-shaped Radical Offshore Wind Turbine for Overall Cost of Energy Reduction (X-ROTOR) Jessopp, M., Clairbaux, M. Research Study Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment
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