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Birds

Birds - Seagull
A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2948

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Sandwich Terns in the Netherlands in 2019-2021 van Bemmelen, R., Courtens, W., Collier, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Northern gannet collision risk with wind turbines at the southern North Sea Collier, M., Potiek, A., Hin, V. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Cumulative impact assessment of collisions with existing and planned offshore wind turbines in the southern North Sea Potiek, A., Leemans, J., Middelveld, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Evidence of Nocturnal Migration over Sea and Sex-Specific Migration Distance of Dutch Black-Headed Gulls Fijn, R., Govers, L., Lutterop, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Density maps of the herring gull for the Dutch continental shelf Soudijn, F., Chen, C., Potiek, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Collision Risk Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Report Marine Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Understanding the Value of Strategic Evidence Surveys to Support the Tidal Steam Energy Sector in Wales Wood, D., Griffith, A., Basic, T. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Quarterly Report: July 2021 to October 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report (Year 2): October 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
ORJIP Ocean Energy Information Note: Environmental Monitoring Technologies and Techniques for Detecting Interactions with Marine Animals Offshore Renewables Joint Industry Programme (ORJIP) Report Marine Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2021-2022 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Ecological and methodological drivers of persistence and detection of bird fatalities at power lines: Insights from multi-project monitoring data Bernardino, J., Martins, R., Bispo, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Pacific Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species PacMAPPS 2021 Final Cruise Report Crance, J., Goetz. K., Angliss, R. Report Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Acceptable Levels of Impact from offshore wind farms on the Dutch Continental Shelf for 21 bird species Potiek, A., Ijntema, G.J., van Kooten, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
2022 Pacific Seabird Group 49th Annual Meeting. 22 - 25 February 2022 Pacific Seabird Group (PSG) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Crossing artificial obstacles during migration: The relative global ecological risks and interdependencies illustrated by the migration of common quail Coturnix coturnix Nadal, J., Sáez, D., Margalida, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Satellite Tracking of Migration Routes of the Eastern Buzzard (Buteo japonicus) in Japan through Sakhalin Hijikata, N., Yamaguchi, N., Hiraoka, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Wave-Energy Devices Might Affect the Natural Environment: Scientists plan research to better understand effects Oregon State University (OSU), Pacific Marine Energy Center (PMEC), Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) Magazine Article Marine Energy, Wave EMF, Entanglement, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
A Predictive Flight-Altitude Model for Avoiding Future Conflicts Between an Emblematic Raptor and Wind Energy Development in the Swiss Alps Vignali, S., Lörcher, F., Hegglin, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Tracking lesser black-backed and herring gulls in the Dutch Delta Vanermen, N., Fijn, R., Rebolledo, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Tidal GES - A transition to affordable and clean energy that can achieve 'Good Environmental Status' in coastal and marine waters Power, A., Lambert, E., Hynes, S. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Assessment of effectiveness of the IdentiFlight® avian detection system Rogers, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A risk-based method to prioritize cumulative impacts assessment on marine biodiversity and research policy for offshore wind farms in France Brignon, J., Lejart, M., Nexer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Cumulative population-level effects of habitat loss on seabirds 'Kader Ecologie en Cumulatie 4.0' Soudijn, F., van Donk, S., Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
A Novel Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Model to Evaluate Floating Wind Farm Locations Díaz, H., Soares, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Application of Monte Carlo and Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Processes for ranking floating wind farm locations Díaz, H., Teixeira, A., Soares, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism
Anticoagulant Expsoure in Golden Eagle (Aquila Chrysaetos) Power Line Electrocution and Wind Turbine Mortalities Viner, T., Kagan, R., Lehner, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Responses of birds and mammals to long-established wind farms in India Kumara, H., Babu, S., Rao, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Sector Locational Guidance: Enabling Evidence for Sustainable Development Tidal Stream Energy Welsh Government Report Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Landscape Decisions to Meet Net Zero Carbon: Pathways that consider ethics, socio-ecological diversity, and landscape functions. Landscape Decisions Report Cole, B., Gardner, E., Willcock, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Sector Locational Guidance: Enabling Evidence for Sustainable Development Wave Energy Welsh Government Report Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
South Fork Wind: Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Post-construction Monitoring Study for the Rosewater Wind Farm White County, Indiana Rodriguez, M., Voorhees, L., Telander, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Better utilisation and transparency of bird data collected by powerline companies Kettel, E., Thaxter, C., Oppel, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A methodological framework for optimal siting of offshore wind farms: A case study on the island of Crete Gkeka-Serpetsidaki, P., Tsoutsos, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Human Dimensions
Drivers of change in mountain and upland bird populations in Europe Alba, R., Kasoar, T., Chamberlain, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
SafeWAVE Deliverable 4.4 Use cases and profiles Leitão, J., Cardoso, S., Santos, H. Report Marine Energy, Wave Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Bayesian State-Space Modeling Framework for Understanding and Predicting Golden Eagle Movements Using Telemetry Data Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Brandes, D. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Underwater Noise Effects on Marine Life Associated with Offshore Wind Farms Green, R., Mahon, A., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
JNCC Report No. 697: Red-Throated Diver Energetics Project 2021 Field Season Report Thompson, D., Johnson, L., Williams, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds

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