Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities Farr, H., Ruttenberg, B., Walter, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Veileder for arealtildeling, konsesjonsprosess og søknader for vindkraft til havs Ministry of Energy, Norway Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Turbulence explains the accelerations of an eagle in natural flight Laurent, K., Fogg, B., Ginsbury, T. Journal Article Birds, Raptors
A systemic view of potential environmental impacts of ocean energy production Martinez, M., Vázquez, G., Pérez-Maqueo O. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Salinity Gradient, Tidal, Wave Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals
Feasibility study of large-scale deployment of colour-ringing on Black-legged Kittiwake populations to improve the realism of demographic models assessing the population impacts of offshore wind farms O’Hanlon, N.J., Wischnewski, S., Ewing, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Capercaillie and Wind Energy: An international research project Taubmann, J., Coppes, J., Andrén, H. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 0512: Combined Monthly Survey Report (Year 2): February 2019-December 2019 Arundale, M., Williams, A., Warford, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Collision Risk for Migratory Birds Facing Wind Energy Installations in Europe in Relation to Wind Energy Production Tito, D. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A pathway for citizen science data to inform policy: A case study using eBird data for defining low-risk collision areas for wind energy development Ruiz-Gutierrez, V., Bjerre, E., Otto, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Effects of wind farms on the nest distribution of magpie (Pica pica) in agroforestry systems of Chongming Island, China Song, N., Xu, H., Zhao, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines
Relative energy production determines effect of repowering on wildlife mortality at wind energy facilities Huso, M., Conkling, T., Dalthorp, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Landscape features associated to wind farms increase mammalian predator abundance and ground-nest predation Gomez-Catasus, J., Barrero, A., Reverter, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Detection-reaction systems in onshore windfarms, a mitigation solution to reduce bird fatalities: Principles for a relevant assessment of their performances Corbeau, A., Dupont, S., Besnard, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report (Year 2): June 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Birds, Marine Mammals
Post-construction bird and bat fatality monitoring studies at wind energy projects in Latin America: A summary and review Agudelo, S., Mabee, T., Palmer, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
The clash between biodiversity protection and renewable energy development in the European Union with reference to the Habitats and the Birds Directive s Aikaterini, N. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Resolving Key Uncertainties of Seabird Flight and Avoidance Behaviours at Offshore Wind Farms: Annual report for April 2020 – October 2020 Tjørnløv, R., Skov, H., Armitage, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Annual environmental report 2020 – Belwind Belwind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Navigation
State of the Science Workshop on Offshore Wind and Wildlife 2020: Cumulative Impacts New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Spatial and temporal analysis of cumulative environmental effects of offshore wind farms in the North Sea basin Gusatu, L., Menegon, S., Depellegrin, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
The biodiversity-wind energy-land use nexus in a global biodiversity hotspot Kati, V., Kassara, C., Vrontisi, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Wildlife Mortality in Wind Turbine Transformer Basins Meyer, S., Matlack, R., Ray, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Risk of Avian Collisions in Wind Turbines Matsuda, H., Sugimoto, H., Shimada, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan Ørsted, Eversource Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Adaptive management to improve eagle conservation at terrestrial wind facilities New, L., Simonis, J., Otto, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
La urgencia de hacer Restauración ecológica en México Mendez-Toribio, M., Izquierdo- Calderón, N., Martinez-Garza, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
ThruTracker: Open-Source Software for 2-D and 3-D Animal Video Tracking Corcoran, A., Schirmacher, M., Black, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Guidelines for Lighting and Marking of Structures Supporting Renewable Energy Development Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
A bird's-eye view on turbulence: seabird foraging associations with evolving surface flow features Lieber, L., Langrock, R., Nimmo-Smith, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Changes in Flow Birds, Seabirds
Field testing an “acoustic lighthouse”: Combined acoustic and visual cues provide a multimodal solution that reduces avian collision risk with tall human-made structures Boycott, T., Mullis, S., Jackson, B. Journal Article Collision Birds
Spatial and temporal variation in foraging of breeding red-throated divers Duckworth, J., O'Brien, S., Petersen, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Similar circling movements observed across marine megafauna taxa Narazaki, T., Nakamura, I., Aoki, K. Journal Article Marine Energy EMF Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Review of tracking devices to study spatiotemporal disturbance of seabirds by offshore wind farms Potiek, A., Duijns, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Birds, Seabirds
Ecosystem effects of large scale upscaling of offshore wind on the North Sea van Duren, L., Zijl, F., van Kessel, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Quantifying Turbine-Level Risk to Golden Eagles Using a High-Fidelity Updraft Model and a Stochastic Behavioral Model Tripp, C., Sandhu, R., Lawson, M. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Habitat use by post-fledging white-tailed eagles shows avoidance of human infrastructure and agricultural areas Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Tikkanen, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 (Beacon Wind) Annual Report: December 2019 to November 2020 Arundale, M., Goulding, A., Rogerson, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds Horton, K., Van Doren, B., Albers, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Lighting Birds, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development WREN, Correia, S., Canário, F. Summary Wind Energy Birds
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea Zburlea, L., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
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