Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2812

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Flight Altitudes of Raptors in Southern Africa Highlight Vulnerability of Threatened Species to Wind Turbines McClure, C., Dunn, L., McCabe, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Seasonal occurrence of waterbirds in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada, 2010 to 2012 Stewart, P., Lavender, F., Levy, H. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Major threats to a migratory raptor vary geographically along the eastern Mediterranean flyway Oppel, S., Arkumarev, V., Bakari, S, Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Risks to different populations and age classes of gannets from impacts of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Pollock, C., Lane, J., Buckingham, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Land suitability assessment for wind farms through best-worst method and GIS in Balıkesir province of Turkey Tercan, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
Documentation of the technical discussion "Anti-collision systems for birds" - A look at the development and testing status KNE (Kompetenzzentrum Naturschutz und Energiewende) Report Wind Energy Collision Birds
State of Maine Offshore Wind Energy Research Array: Application for an Outer Continental Shelf Renewable Energy Research Lease State of Maine Report Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy: Volume 2: Results (Birds) Pembroke, A., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Cumulative impacts of wind farms on the North Sea ecosystem Piet, G., Tamis, J., van der Wal, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Strategic Net Gain Targets for Coastal and Marine Environments ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Impact of offshore wind development on seabirds in the North Sea and Baltic Sea: Identification of data sources and at-risk species Piggott, A., Vulcano, A., Mitchell, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Atlantic Marine Assessment Program for Protected Species Northeast Fisheries Science Center Webpage Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Subsea video monitoring Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals
Comments on Commercial Leasing for Wind Power Development on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Offshore Morro Bay, California, East and West Extensions Flick, P., Hislop, K., Humphries, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles
American Bird Conservancy Comments on the Morro Bay Offshore Wind Call for Information American Bird Conservancy Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions
Electricity production and comparative analysis for wind availability power potential assessment at four sites in Egypt Ibrahim, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Statistical power analysis of seabird monitoring methods in strong tidal streams Couto, A., Williamson, B., Long, C. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Seabirds
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Vantage point surveys Smith, K., Date, H., Waggitt, J. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Document cadre de la MR9 Réduire les dérangements de la halte migratoire du Puffin des Baléares Sadoul, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Wildlife and Their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions (2021 Update) American Wind Wildlife Institute (AWWI) Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report (Year 2): May II 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
A practical wind farm siting framework integrating ecosystem services — A case study of coastal China Xing, L., Wang, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
Resident breeding bird responses to wind turbines: A functional and phylogenetic perspective Ding, Z., Liang, J., Cai, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
When speed matters: The importance of flight speed in an avian collision risk model Masden, E., Cook, A., McCluskie, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Understanding seabird and marine mammal occupancy of tidal stream environments at annual and seasonal scales Brown, K. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal Displacement Birds, Marine Mammals
Life-cycle impacts of wind energy development on bird diversity in Norway May, R., Jackson, C., Middel, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Year 2 Digital Aerial Wildlife Survey of BOEM Lease Area OCS-A 520 Monthly Report (Year 2): May I 2021 Arundale, M., Warford, S., Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Assessing movements of Lesser Black-backed Gulls using GPS tracking devices in relation to the Walney Extension and Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farms Clewley, G., Thaxter, C., Humphreys, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
RAPPORT D’ACTIVITÉ MR10 ANNÉE N+1 MAZIERE, H., Le Guen, M., LABORIE, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Ecological Baseline Studies of the US Outer Continental Shelf Willmot, J., Forcey, G., Vukovich, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Environmental and seasonal correlates of capercaillie movement traits in a Swedish wind farm Kämmerle, J., Taubmann, J., Andrén, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
A roadmap towards quantitative cumulative impact assessments: Every step of the way Piet, G., Tamis, J., Volwater, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Abundance and behavior of little egrets (Egretta garzetta) near an onshore wind farm in Chongming Dongtan, China Xu, H., Zhao, S., Song, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Marine Evidence packages ABP Marine Environmental Research Ltd (ABPmer) Webpage Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Post-fledging movements, mortality and migration of juvenile northern gannets Lane, J., Pollock, C., Jeavons, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds
Non-territorial GPS-tagged golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos at two Scottish wind farms: Avoidance influenced by preferred habitat distribution, wind speed and blade motion status Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Land-Based Wind Energy Siting: A Foundational and Technical Resource Christol, C., Oteri, F., Laurienti, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Short Science Summary: White Storks in Europe Onshore Wind Energy WREN, Münter, L., Ferrer, M. Summary Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Multispecies tracking reveals a major seabird hotspot in the North Atlantic Davies, T., Carneiro, A., Tarzia, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Displaying 721 - 760 of 2812 results