Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6437
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Wozep underwater sound: frequency sensitivity of porpoises and seals de Jong, C., von Benda-Beckmann, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Bibliographical Atlas of Biofouling Along the French Coasts in the Context of Offshore Renewable Energy Quillienn, N., Lejart, M., Damblans, G. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Carcass Age and Searcher Identity Affect Morphological Assessment of Sex of Bats Nelson, D., Nagel, J., Trott, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Emissions from corrosion protection systems of offshore wind farms: Evaluation of the potential impact on the marine environment Kirchgeorg, T., Weinberg, I., Hörnig, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals
Determining Habitat Use by Marine Mammals and Ambient Noise Levels Using Passive Acoustic Monitoring Offshore of Maryland Bailey, H., Rice, A., Wingfield, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Nocturnal flight activity of northern gannets Morus bassanus and implications for modelling collision risk at offshore wind farms Furness, R., Garthe, S., Trinder, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey Results of Lease Area OCS-A 0512 Equinor Quarterly Report: May 2018 to July 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2018 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Fact Sheet: Upscaling Individual Effects of Wind Energy to Population Impacts on Wildlife WREN Summary Wind Energy
NOT GONE WITH THE WIND: Addressing Effects of Offshore Wind Development on Bat Species in the Northeastern United States Dowling, Z. Thesis Wind Energy Bats
Interim Guidance on apportioning impacts from marine renewable developments to breeding seabird populations in SPAs Scottish Natural Heritage Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds Аutumn 2018 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind Turbine Noise and Sleep: Pilot Studies on the Influence of Noise Characteristics Morsing, J., Smith, M., Ogren, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
The effect of monopile-induced turbulence on local suspended sediment pattern around UK wind farms Forster, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Seeing clearly in a virtual reality: Tourist reactions to an offshore wind project Teisl, M., Noblet, C., Corey, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Recreation & Tourism, Human Dimensions
Using focus groups to study energy transitions: Researching or producing new social realities? Gailing, L., Naumann, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
State of the World's Raptors: Distributions, Threats, and Conservation Recommendations McClure, C., Westrip, J., Johnson, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Property Value Impacts of Wind Turbines and the Influence of Attitudes toward Wind Energy Vyn, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Rampion Offshore Wind Vestas Wind Systems A/S Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Multi-state occupancy models of foraging habitat use by the Hawaiian hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus semotus) Gorresen, P., Brinck, K., DeLisle, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Offshore Wind Farms as Potential Locations for Flat Oyster (Ostrea edulis) Restoration in the Dutch North Sea Kamermans, P., Walles, B., Kraan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Interference of Flying Insects and Wind Parks Trieb, F. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Attraction
Geospatial Model to Estimate Wind Energy Resource Potential in Remote Locations Narasimalu, S., Narasimhamurthy, R., Kannan, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Use of an optical rangefinder to assess the reliability of seabird flight heights from boat‐based surveyors: implications for collision risk at offshore wind farms Harwood, A., Perrow, M., Berridge, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Ocean Literacy for Workforce Development in the Shipbuilding and Offshore Renewable Energy Sectors in Europe, in Support of the Blue Economy: The MATES Project Papathanasiou, M., Tuddenham, P., Bishop, K. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Characteristics of the soundscape before and after the construction of the Block Island Wind Farm Tripathy, A., Miller, J., Potty, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
The auditory attributes of Golden Eagles: Do Golden (Aquila chrysaetos) and Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) share the same auditory space? Walsh, E., Nelson, P., Ponder, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Documenting fish response to seismic surveying and establishing a baseline soundscape for reefs in Onslow Bay, North Carolina Paxton, A., Voss, C., Peterson, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates
Mitigation measures for bats in offshore wind farms Evaluation and improvement of curtailment strategies Boonman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats
A critical period of susceptibility to sound in the sensory cells of cephalopod hatchlings. Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Fortuno, J-M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
Ørsted Hornsea Project Four Limited Environmental Impact Assessment: Scoping Report Ørsted Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Complex behaviour in complex terrain - Modelling bird migration in a high resolution wind field across mountainous terrain to simulate observed patterns Aurbach, A., Schmid, B., Liechti, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Passerines
Connectivity of larval stages of sedentary marine communities between hard substrates and offshore structures in the North Sea van der Molen, J., García-García, L., Whomersley, P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Midterm Evaluation WOZEP 2018 Mulder, S., van Mastrigt, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
2018 SAP Benthic Survey Report (Empire Wind) Alpine Ocean Seismic Survey Inc., Gardline Ltd. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Physical Environment
Valuing the visual impact of wind farms: A calculus method for synthesizing choice experiments studies Wen, C., Dallimer, M., Carver, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Visual Impacts, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey of Lease Area OCSA 0512 Monthly Report: June 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Wilmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Life cycle assessment of a wind farm repowering process Martínez, E., Latorre-Biel, J., Jiménez, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Humpback Whale Encounter with Offshore Wind Mooring Lines and Inter-Array Cables Copping, A., Grear, M. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Oil and gas infrastructure decommissioning in marine protected areas: System complexity, analysis and challenges Burdon, D., Barnard, S., Boyes, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
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