Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6481
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
International experiences with opposition to wind energy siting decisions: lessons for environmental and social appraisal Cashmore, M., Rudolph, D., Larsen, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Moray Firth River Spey Missing Salmon Project Spey Fishery Board, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
An Efficient Model for Offshore Pile Driving Noise Taking Into Account the Hammer Characteristics Klages, E., Von Pein, J., Lippert, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation Moorman, C., Grodsky, S., Rupp, S. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Bats, Birds
The politics of Estonia's offshore wind energy programme: Discourse, power and marine spatial planning Tafon, R., Howarth, D., Griggs, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
An Overview of Offshore Wind Energy Resources in Europe Under Present and Future Climate deCastro, M., Costoya, X., Salvador, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Rangifer within areas of human influence: understanding effects in relation to spatiotemporal scales Flydal, K., Tsegaye, D., Eftestøl, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals
Summary of Activities and the Results of Ornithological Monitoring in the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, 2018 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Site selection process for floating offshore wind farms in Madeira Islands Díaz, H., Fonseca, R., Soares, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Land-Use Conflicts in the Sudetes, Poland Furmankiewicz, M., Potocki, J., Kazak, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Moray Firth River Oykel Missing Salmon Project Kyle of Sutherland Fisheries, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects - 2018 Cumulative effects of offshore wind farm construction on harbour porpoises Heinis, F., de Jong, C., von Benda-Beckmann, S. Report Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Population-Level Effects of Wind Farms on a Desert Lizard Keehn, J., Shoemaker, K., Feldman, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
Public Acceptance of Offshore Wind Farms in the Netherlands: Testing and Adjusting the Public Acceptance Models for a Better Wind of Change Dion, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Wind power: A sustainable way to limit climate change Nikitas, G., Bhattacharya, S., Vimalan, N. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
North East Scotland Salmon and Sea Trout Tracking Array: Interim Report River Dee Trust, Marine Scotland Science Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish
Renewable energy projections for climate change mitigation: An analysis of uncertainty and errors Indra al Irsyad, M., Halog, A., Nepal, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Marking a Decade of Monitoring, Research and Innovation Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Moray Firth River Findhorn Missing Salmon Project Findhorn, Nairn, and Lossie Fisheries Trust, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
GoMAMN Strategic Bird Monitoring Guidelines: Waterfowl DeMaso, S., Brasher, M., Gleason, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Retrospective and Outlook for an Environmentally Sound Development of Offshore Wind Energy Lüdeke, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Wind energy: renewable energy and the environment Nelson, V., Starcher, K. Book Wind Energy
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects – 3.0: Description and assessment of cumulative effects resulting from the implementation of the 2030 Roadmap for Offshore Wind Energy Part C: Summary Rijkswaterstaat Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Numerical Analysis of Offshore Wind Farm Wakes and their Impact on the Marine Boundary Layer Siedersleben, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Noise affects porpoise click detections – the magnitude of the effect depends on logger type and detection filter settings Clausen, K., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals
Life Cycle Assessment of Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Floating Offshore Wind Energy in California Bang, J., Ma, C., Tarantino, E. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Community Benefits and UK Offshore Wind Farms: evolving convergence in a divergent practice Glasson, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Nonmarket Valuation of Marine Resources in the Northeast: Implications for Recreational Fisheries Management and Offshore Wind Energy Development Carr-Harris, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
Effects of wind farms on near-surface wind speed Xin, Z., Ruiping, Y., Xu, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow
Moray Firth River Conon Missing Salmon Project Cromarty Firth Fishery Board, Scottish Centre for Ecology and the Natural Environment, University of Glasgow Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Renewable Energy: Wind Turbines, Solar Cells, Small Hydroelectric Plants, Biomass, and Geothermal Sources of Energy Kablar, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Fish
Decomposing public support for energy policy: What drives acceptance of and intentions to protest against renewable energy expansion in Germany? Liebe, U., Dobers, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Reconversion of offshore oil and gas platforms into renewable energy sites production: Assessment of different scenarios Leporini, M., Marchetti, B., Corvaro, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Life Cycle Assessment
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E., Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
An Aero-acoustic Noise Distribution Prediction Methodology for Offshore Wind Farms Cao, J., Zhu, W., Wu, X. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise
Climatic Impacts of Wind Power Miller, L., Keith, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Common Guillemots and offshore wind farms: an ecological discussion of statistical analyses conducted by Alain Zuur Leopold, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Beatrice Decommissioning Programmes: Final Version Repsol Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Rabie, P., Telander, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Biodiversity Characterisation of Fouling Communities and Their Hydrodynamic Consequences on Marine Renewable Energy Infrastructure in the UK Want, A., Harris, R., Porter, J. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change
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