For wind energy projects, one of the greatest challenges is understanding population level impacts as it is important to distinguish between the effects wind energy developments have on individuals and how these ultimately impact populations. The Individuals to Population summary (fact sheet) was created to provide a summary of the WREN Individuals to Populations white paper and to highlight the need to upscale effects to the level of the broader populations that such individuals are part of.
Upscaling Individual Effects of Wind Energy to Population Impacts on Wildlife (English)
The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Electromagnetic fields from submarine power cables: A 35 Year synthesis of effects on aquatic biota | James, E., Ghodsi, M., Ford, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| SeabORD v2.0: An Individual-Based Model for estimating demographic impacts for breeding seabirds arising from offshore windfarm sub-lethal effects | Searle, K., Pollock, C., Tigli, M., Daunt, F., Butler, A., Mobbs, D. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| Harbour porpoise population response to windfarm construction, service traffic, and changes in prey availability | Weller, F., Cordier, A., Frankish, C., Gallagher, C., Benhemma-Le Gall, A. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| A global decision framework for reducing bat fatalities at wind energy facilities | Frick, W., Whitby, M., Wilson, D., MacEwan, K., Hulka, S., Akre, K., O'Mara, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Bats | |
| An individual-based model to quantify the non-breeding season impact of wind farms on seabirds | Buckingham, L., Masden, E. , Layton-Matthews, K., Bringsvor, I., Bråthen, V., Dehnhard, N., Fauchald, P., Lorentsen, S., Reiertsen, T., Searle, K., Tarroux, A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Long-Term Decline in Bird Collisions at Operational Wind Farms: Evidence from Systematic Monitoring to Support Sustainable Wind Energy Development (2010–2024) | Yordanov, N., Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
| 10 Things to consider before approving another offshore wind farm: A case study for Highland, Scotland | Goddijn-Murphy, L. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Human Dimensions | |
| Quantifying uncertainty (WP3): DisNBS – Effects of displacement from Offshore Renewable Developments in the nonbreeding season | ORJIP | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds | |
| Fostering a just energy transition: A framework for policy design | IRENA | Report | Wind Energy | Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | ||
| Cumulative impacts of offshore wind and commercial vessels on harbour porpoise populations in Danish waters | Gallagher, C., Frankish, C., Teilmann, J., Cordier, A., Weller, F., Nabe-Nielsen, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Effects of electromagnetic fields from an alternating current power cable on the embryogenesis of three benthic associated marine species | Paoletti, S., Brabant, R., Strammer, I., Sigray, P., Rolleberg, N., Stewart, B., Aerts, J., Degraer, S., Hutchison, Z., Gill, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Modelling population-level impacts of wind farm collision risk on Welsh Red Kites: populations functionally linked to two Special Protection Areas | Hereward, H., Macgregor, C., Gabb, O., Connell, A., Thomas, R., Cross, A., Taylor, R. | Report | Wind Energy | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors | |
| Technical brief – update of harbour porpoise summer distribution in the Belt Sea | Gilles, A., Pigeault, R., Benoit, V., Ramirez-Martinez, N. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | ||
| Summary report of sensitivity analysis (WP2): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments | Butler, A., Matthiopoulos, J., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., Searle, K., Delacombe, K., Jones, E.L. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Uncertainty and approaches to evaluating uncertainty (WP1): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments | Furness, R.W., Searle, K., Jones, E., Delacombe, K., Butler, A. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
| A Porpoise-Driven Approach: Using Agent-Based Models to Predict Population Consequences of Offshore Wind Noises on Gulf of Maine Harbor Porpoises | Pridonoff, B. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Review of methods used to calculate scale of artificial nesting structures proposed as a compensation measure for Kittiwake mortality at offshore wind farms | Rhoades, J., Johnston, D.T., Humphreys, E.M., Boersch-Supan, P.H. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| ProcBe Annual Report No.2: Year 2 | The Crown Estate | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Managing the effects of offshore wind farm noise on marine animals: Lessons learned after 25 years of research in Europe and beyond | Thomsen, F. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Impacts of offshore wind farms on migratory bats in British waters | Hooker, J., Lintott, P., Boughey, K., Worledge, L., Park, K., Collins, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Lighting | Bats | |
| Robust real-time detection of right whale upcalls using neural networks on the edge | Hyer, M., Anderson, A., Mann, D., Mooney, T., Aoki, N., Jensen, F. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise, Vessel Strike | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Threat Assessment for the Critically Endangered North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) | Vanderlaan, A., Lang, S., Sanchez, M., Murphy, M., Pisano, O., Christie, K. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | ||
| Foraging areas of coastal and offshore seabirds in the Dutch North Sea - An analysis of survey and tracking data | Madden, H., van Bemmelen, R., van der Have, T., Fijn, R. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| Wind Energy Interactions with Wildlife Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Based on the State of the Science | Renewable Energy Wildlife Institute (REWI) | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Population-level impacts of wind energy for two fruit bat species in South Africa | Aronson, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Terrestrial Mammals | |
| Evaluating aerial LiDAR and other approaches to avian flight height measurement– ReSCUE Project Validation Study Report | Rhoades, J., Feather, A., Harwood, A., Banks, A., Boersch-Supan, P.H. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Bird collision risk at the interface of solar and wind farms – a cumulative effect? | Oglęcki, P., Dąbrowski, P., Gnatowski, T., Małuszyńska, I., Małuszyński, M., Przybyłowski, J., Pawluśkiewicz, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
| CWW 2025 Book of Abstract | Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impact | Conference Paper | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| Untangling the way forward for responsible offshore wind energy: Recommendations to reduce marine life entanglement risks | Gutierrez, I, Kershaw, F, Loomis, B | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Entanglement | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| Ecological impacts of floating offshore wind on marine mammals and associated trophic interactions: current evidence and knowledge gaps | Harris, C., Benjamins, S., Scott, B., Williamson, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
| Temporal presence of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins to the piling during the first offshore wind farm construction in the Pearl River Estuary, China | Fang, L., Wu, Y., Pine, M., Wang, X., Chen T. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| The Effect of Offshore Wind Farms on Upper Ocean Variability and Marine Ecosystems | Eliassen, F. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement | ||
| Impacts to stock abundance indices due to offshore wind development-driven changes to fishery-independent survey effort | Miller, A. | Thesis | Wind Energy | Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | ||
| Spatiotemporal patterns in sex ratios of bat fatalities at wind energy facilities in the United States | Weaver, S., Hale, A., Nelson, D., Fritts, S., Katzner, T., Chipps, A., Korstian, J., LiCari, S., Nagel, J., Williams, D. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats | |
| A review of the Biological Defined Minimum Population Scale (BDMPS) approach and methodology to apportioning non-breeding season impacts on seabirds arising from offshore wind farms | Johnston, D., Langlois Lopez, S., Humphreys, E., O'Hanlon, N. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds, Seabirds | ||
| Seabirds in 3D: A Framework to Evaluate Collision Vulnerability with Future Offshore Wind Developments [Final Report] | Wallach, E., Chamberlin, C., Jacobson, A., Schneider, S., Bernstein, S., Trush, S., Ainley, D., Terrill, S., Kramer, S. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| A flexible framework for species based regional cumulative effects assessments to support offshore wind energy planning and management | Ferguson, M., Williams, K., Goodale, W., Adams, E., Knaga, P., Kingdon, K., Avery-Gomm, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions | ||
| Predicted and observed responses of harbour porpoises to pile driving noise at Moray West Offshore Wind Farm | Thompson, P., Benhemma-Le Gall, A., Lee, R., Stephenson, S., Mason, T., Abad Oliva, N. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Suitability of assessing population-level impacts from construction of a single wind farm – a case study on North Sea harbour porpoises | van Geel, N., Benjamins, S., Marmo, B., Nabe-Nielsen, J., Wittich, A., Risch, D., Todd, V., Wilson, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Proceedings of the 15th Wind Wildlife Research Meeting | Gottlieb, I. | Workshop Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |