For wind energy projects, one of the greatest challenges is understanding population level impacts as it is important to distinguish between the effects wind energy developments have on individuals and how these ultimately impact populations. The Individuals to Population summary (fact sheet) was created to provide a summary of the WREN Individuals to Populations white paper and to highlight the need to upscale effects to the level of the broader populations that such individuals are part of.
Upscaling Individual Effects of Wind Energy to Population Impacts on Wildlife (English)
The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bird migration and wind-energy production across Western Europe | Bauer, S., Nussbaumer, R., Tito, D., Shamoun-Baranes, J., Farnsworth, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
| ImpUDis project value statement | The Carbon Trust | Report | Wind Energy | Attraction, Displacement | Birds | |
| DiverLog: Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on the Behaviour, Energetics and Habitat Use of Red-throated Divers | Burger, C., Salazar, S., Liedtke, J., Heinänen, S., Welcker, J., Nehls, G. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
| HELCOM Guidelines for the design and use of acoustic deterrent devices in the HELCOM area | Koschinski, S. | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals | |
| Factors shaping the siting of utility-scale solar and wind projects in the United States | Wu, G., Min, Y., Deshmukh, R., Cartwright, P., DeCesaro, J., Kerstan, D., Somasundaram, D., Strecker, H. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | |||
| Electromagnetic fields from submarine power cables: A 35 Year synthesis of effects on aquatic biota | James, E., Ghodsi, M., Ford, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| SeabORD v2.0: An Individual-Based Model for estimating demographic impacts for breeding seabirds arising from offshore windfarm sub-lethal effects | Searle, K., Pollock, C., Tigli, M., Daunt, F., Butler, A., Mobbs, D. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| Avian macro-avoidance of an offshore wind farm in the Taiwan Strait, investigated using surveillance radar | Bai, M-L., Lee, P-F., Lien, Y-Y. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds | |
| Harbour porpoise population response to windfarm construction, service traffic, and changes in prey availability | Weller, F., Cordier, A., Frankish, C., Gallagher, C., Benhemma-Le Gall, A. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| A global decision framework for reducing bat fatalities at wind energy facilities | Frick, W., Whitby, M., Wilson, D., MacEwan, K., Hulka, S., Akre, K., O'Mara, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Bats | |
| An individual-based model to quantify the non-breeding season impact of wind farms on seabirds | Buckingham, L., Masden, E., Layton-Matthews, K., Bringsvor, I., Bråthen, V., Dehnhard, N., Fauchald, P., Lorentsen, S., Reiertsen, T., Searle, K., Tarroux, A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Long-Term Decline in Bird Collisions at Operational Wind Farms: Evidence from Systematic Monitoring to Support Sustainable Wind Energy Development (2010–2024) | Yordanov, N., Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
| Winds of change: Surfing prospects for offshore wind energy in coastal Spain (Cádiz) | Pérez-Pérez, B., Rodríguez-Segura, F., Osorio-Aravena, J., Díaz-Cuevas, P., Frolova, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data | ||
| 10 Things to consider before approving another offshore wind farm: A case study for Highland, Scotland | Goddijn-Murphy, L. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Human Dimensions | |
| Site selection for onshore wind energy in Iceland using GIS-based mapping | Cook, D., Petursson, J.G., Hrabalikova, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
| Quantifying uncertainty (WP3): DisNBS – Effects of displacement from Offshore Renewable Developments in the nonbreeding season | ORJIP | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds | |
| Fostering a just energy transition: A framework for policy design | IRENA | Report | Wind Energy | Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | ||
| Cumulative impacts of offshore wind and commercial vessels on harbour porpoise populations in Danish waters | Gallagher, C., Frankish, C., Teilmann, J., Cordier, A., Weller, F., Nabe-Nielsen, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Effects of electromagnetic fields from an alternating current power cable on the embryogenesis of three benthic associated marine species | Paoletti, S., Brabant, R., Strammer, I., Sigray, P., Rolleberg, N., Stewart, B., Aerts, J., Degraer, S., Hutchison, Z., Gill, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Modelling population-level impacts of wind farm collision risk on Welsh Red Kites: populations functionally linked to two Special Protection Areas | Hereward, H., Macgregor, C., Gabb, O., Connell, A., Thomas, R., Cross, A., Taylor, R. | Report | Wind Energy | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors | |
| Technical brief – update of harbour porpoise summer distribution in the Belt Sea | Gilles, A., Pigeault, R., Benoit, V., Ramirez-Martinez, N. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | ||
| Uncertainty and approaches to evaluating uncertainty (WP1): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments | Furness, R.W., Searle, K., Jones, E., Delacombe, K., Butler, A. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
| A Porpoise-Driven Approach: Using Agent-Based Models to Predict Population Consequences of Offshore Wind Noises on Gulf of Maine Harbor Porpoises | Pridonoff, B. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Summary report of sensitivity analysis (WP2): AssESs - Assessing the extent and significance of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments | Butler, A., Matthiopoulos, J., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., Searle, K., Delacombe, K., Jones, E.L. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Review of methods used to calculate scale of artificial nesting structures proposed as a compensation measure for Kittiwake mortality at offshore wind farms | Rhoades, J., Johnston, D.T., Humphreys, E.M., Boersch-Supan, P.H. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| ProcBe Annual Report No.2: Year 2 | The Crown Estate | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Managing the effects of offshore wind farm noise on marine animals: Lessons learned after 25 years of research in Europe and beyond | Thomsen, F. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Robust real-time detection of right whale upcalls using neural networks on the edge | Hyer, M., Anderson, A., Mann, D., Mooney, T., Aoki, N., Jensen, F. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise, Vessel Strike | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Threat Assessment for the Critically Endangered North Atlantic Right Whale (Eubalaena glacialis) | Vanderlaan, A., Lang, S., Sanchez, M., Murphy, M., Pisano, O., Christie, K. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | ||
| Impacts on birds and bats from onshore wind farms in Australia | Reid, K., Baker, G.B. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds | |
| Impacts of offshore wind farms on migratory bats in British waters | Hooker, J., Lintott, P., Boughey, K., Worledge, L., Park, K., Collins, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Lighting | Bats | |
| Foraging areas of coastal and offshore seabirds in the Dutch North Sea - An analysis of survey and tracking data | Madden, H., van Bemmelen, R., van der Have, T., Fijn, R. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| Wind Energy Interactions with Wildlife Answers to Frequently Asked Questions Based on the State of the Science | Renewable Energy Wildlife Institute (REWI) | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Population-level impacts of wind energy for two fruit bat species in South Africa | Aronson, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Terrestrial Mammals | |
| Evaluating aerial LiDAR and other approaches to avian flight height measurement– ReSCUE Project Validation Study Report | Rhoades, J., Feather, A., Harwood, A., Banks, A., Boersch-Supan, P.H. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Bird collision risk at the interface of solar and wind farms – a cumulative effect? | Oglęcki, P., Dąbrowski, P., Gnatowski, T., Małuszyńska, I., Małuszyński, M., Przybyłowski, J., Pawluśkiewicz, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
| CWW 2025 Book of Abstract | Conference on Wind Energy and Wildlife Impact | Conference Paper | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Life Cycle Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement | |
| Impacts of onshore wind energy production on biodiversity | Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Marques, A., Voigt, C., Lambertucci, S., Rebolo, N., Bernard, E., Diehl, R., Murgatroyd, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change | ||
| Untangling the way forward for responsible offshore wind energy: Recommendations to reduce marine life entanglement risks | Gutierrez, I, Kershaw, F, Loomis, B | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Entanglement | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| Ecological impacts of floating offshore wind on marine mammals and associated trophic interactions: current evidence and knowledge gaps | Harris, C., Benjamins, S., Scott, B., Williamson, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals |