Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6434
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
CENTRAL EÓLICA OFFSHORE WINDFLOAT ATLANTIC WindPlus, Julio de Jesus Consultores Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Resource Availability May Not Be a Useful Predictor of Migratory Bat Fatalities or Activity at Wind Turbines Bennett, V., Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction Bats
2018 State of the Sector Report: Marine Renewable Energy in Canada Marine Renewables Canada Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Riverine, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy
Effects of wind farms on the spatial distribution of Guillemots Zuur, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Wind in the sails or choppy seas?: People-place relations, aesthetics and public support for the United States’ first offshore wind project Firestone, J., Bidwell, D., Gardner, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Visual Impacts, Human Dimensions
Passive Acoustics Survey of Cetacean Abundance Levels (PASCAL-2016) Final Report Keating, J., Barlow, J., Griffiths, E. Report Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Impact of wind farms on soaring bird populations at a migratory bottleneck Martin, B., Perez-Bacalu, C., Onrubia, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The large-scale impact of offshore wind farm structures on pelagic primary productivity in the southern North Sea Slavik, K., Lemmen, C., Zhang, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany Brandt, M., Dragon, A., Diederichs, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals
The Impacts of Chinese Wind Farms on Climate Sun, H., Luo, Y., Zhao, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Marine Biodiversity and the Development of a North Sea Offshore Powerhouse van Steen, H., Buseman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2018 Rodrigues, L. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Changes in European wind energy generation potential within a 1.5 °C warmer world Hosking, J., MacLeod, D., Phillips, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
A portfolio model for siting offshore wind farms with economic and environmental objectives Cranmer, A., Baker, E., Liesiö, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Ecosystem Processes
Field validation of radar systems for monitoring bird migration Nilsson, C., Dokter, A., Schmid, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Is bird conservation a barrier to wind energy? Aversa, I., Polizel, J., Montaño, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The Influence of Real‐World Wind Turbine Deployments on Local to Mesoscale Climate Pryor, S., Barthelmie, R., Shepherd, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Life Cycle Environmental Impact of Onshore and Offshore Wind Farms in Texas Chipindula, J., Botlaguduru, V., Du, H. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Shorebird Staging and Migratory Movements at Chaplin and Reed Lakes, Saskatchewan, with Implications for Wind Energy Development Howell, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Birds
Inventory and assessment of models and methods used for describing quantifying and assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms van Oostveen, M., Sierdsma, F., Kwakkel, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Predicting Migratory Corridors of White Storks, Ciconia ciconia, to Enhance Sustainable Wind Energy Planning: A Data-Driven Agent-Based Model Oloo, F., Safi, K., Aryal, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Field Observations During Wind Turbine Foundation Installation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island Amaral, J., Beard, R., Barham, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Landscape-Scale Wildlife Species Richness Metrics to Inform Wind and Solar Energy Facility Siting: An Arizona Case Study Thomas, K., Jarchow, C., Arundel, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind
Inconspicuous echolocation in hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) Corcoran, A., Weller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Field Observations During Wind Turbine Foundation Installation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island Appendix D: Underwater Sound Monitoring Reports Amaral, J., Beard, R., Barham, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Site Selection for Offshore Wind Farms in the Southwest Coast of South Korea Kim, C., Jang, S., Kim, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Overcoming Biological Data Deficiencies in Environmental Permitting for Offshore Wind Energy Ryan, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Marine Noise Budgets in Practice Merchant, N., Faulkner, R., Martinez, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Opportunistically collected data reveal habitat selection by migrating Whooping Cranes in the US Northern Plains Niemuth, N., Ryba, A., Pearse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Environmental justice and the expanding geography of wind power conflicts Avila, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy 2016-2017 Large Bony Fish and Fish Shoal Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish
East Anglia THREE: Preliminary Environmental Information Report (PEIR) Royal Haskoning Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Streamlining the consent process for the implementation of offshore wind farms in Spain, considering existing regulations in leading European countries Salvador, S., Gimeno, L., Sanz-Larruga, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
The utility of point count surveys to predict wildlife interactions with wind energy facilities: An example focused on golden eagles Sur, M., Belhoff, J., Bjerre, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Ecological Effects of Electricity Generation, Storage and Use Henderson, P. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Survey of Lease Area OCSA 0512 Monthly Report: February 2018 Jervis, L., Warford, S., Goulding, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Comparison Analysis of Blade Life Cycles of Land-Based and Offshore Wind Power Plants Tomporowski, A., Pieasecka, I., Flizikowski, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Flight Response to Spatial and Temporal Correlates Informs Risk from Wind Turbines to the California Condor Poessel, S., Brandt, J., Mendenhall, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
The impact of on-shore and off-shore wind turbine farms on property prices Jensen, C., Panduro, T., Lundhede, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Comparison of Recent Oil and Gas, Wind Energy, and Other Anthropogenic Landscape Alteration Factors in Texas Through 2014 Pierre, J., Wolaver, B., Labay, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment
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