Floating Offshore Wind

Capturing energy from offshore wind using floating foundations.

Offshore wind energy technologies harness kinetic energy from the wind to generate energy and transport that energy back to shore via a subsea export cable. The main advantage of offshore wind energy is access to stronger and more consistent winds, allowing for the use of larger turbines. The development of offshore wind in Europe and Asia has preceded development activities in other parts of the world; however, several projects in the United States are currently underway. Several floating offshore wind energy demonstrations exist throughout the world, but the technology is yet to be widely deployed.

Floating foundations are used at deep depths (40->1000m) and consist of a balanced floating substructure moored to the seabed with fixed cables. The substructure may be stabilized using buoyancy, mooring lines, or a ballast. Several designs for floating offshore wind substructures currently exist for various depth ranges, including barges, semi-submersibles, tension leg platforms, and single point anchorage buoys. These substructures are connected to one another via inter-array cables, which transport electricity generated from the turbine to floating offshore substations. High voltage export cables then transport the energy to shore. To better understand floating offshore wind, explore these videos from RWE.

The environmental concerns associated with offshore wind farms vary with foundation type. In general, collision risk with birds and bats is a major concern, though the impact is more difficult to quantify offshore because carcasses that provide evidence of collisions become lost at sea. As with all electricity generation, there is a slight concern that electromagnetic fields generated by power cables may affect animals that use Earth's natural magnetic field for orientation, navigation, and hunting. Although pile driving is one of the main concerns surrounding fixed offshore wind energy, floating projects can be constructed onshore and transported out to sea, reducing the impacts from construction-related noise and vessels. Floating foundation’s mooring lines may cause minor scouring or pose a risk of collision or entrapment, but the turbine foundation is mostly located in the upper layer of the water column where there tend to be less organisms.

Photo Credit: Joshua Bauer, NREL

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents Related to Floating Offshore Wind

Total results: 632
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Opportunistic Offshore Sighting of a Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus) Bort Thornton, J., Richlen, M., McDonald, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Bats
Development of a computable general equilibrium model based on integrated macroeconomic framework for ocean multi-use between offshore wind farms and fishing activities in Scotland Qu, Y., Hooper, T., Austen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data
Wozep Ecological Programme: Update Wozep 2023 Offshore Wind Ecological Programme (Wozep) Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
5th ScotMER Symposium: ScotMER Collaboration Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Floating Wind Power in Deep-Sea Area: Life Cycle Assessment of Environmental Impacts Yuan, W., Feng, J., Zhang, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2022 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Getting to 30 GW by 2030: Visual preferences of coastal residents for offshore wind farms on the US East Coast Cranmer, A., Broughel, A., Ericson, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
On the importance of wind turbine wake boundary to wind energy and environmental impact Fan, Z., Li,S., Gao, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Human Dimensions
5th ScotMER Symposium: Fish and Fisheries Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The Use of eDNA to Monitor Pelagic Fish in Offshore Floating Wind Farms Dahlgren, T., Hestetun, J., Ray, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Organic matter processing in a [simulated] offshore wind farm ecosystem in current and future climate and aquaculture scenarios Voet, H., Vlaminck, E., van Colen, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions
Minimizing habitat conflicts in meeting net-zero energy targets in the western United States Wu, G., Jones, R., Leslie, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Evidence that offshore wind farms might affect marine sediment quality and microbial communities Wang, T., Ru, X., Deng, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Insights from the management of offshore energy resources: Toward an ecosystem-services based management approach for deep-ocean industries Bravo, M., Brandt, M., van der Grient, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Social & Economic Data
Fisheries survey in the offshore wind power field Hywind Tampen before development De Jong, K., McQueen, K., Hareide, N. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
SeaShare: Hywind Static Fishing Gear Trials Wright, K., Mair, J., Watret, R. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Green development strategy of offshore wind farm in China guided by life cycle assessment Chen, J., Mao, B., Wu, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Environmental assessment of proposed areas for offshore wind farms off southern Brazil based on ecological niche modeling and a species richness index for albatrosses and petrels Lemos, C., Hernandez, M., Vilardo, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Offshore Wind Evidence and Change Programme: Annual Report 2023 The Crown Estate Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Marine Renewable Energy: Policy, People, and Prospects Wickizer, B., Brandt, D., Robertson, B. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A review to inform the assessment of the risk of collision and displacement in petrels and shearwaters from offshore wind developments in Scotland Deakin, Z., Cook, A., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Fish
Delivering local benefit from offshore renewables: Working towards a new model for community benefit and local ownership Regen Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Advanced Collision Detection and Site Monitoring for Avian and Bat Species for Offshore Wind Energy (Final Technical Report) Albertani, R., Johnston, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Update on the current state of knowledge on the impacts of offshore wind farms on birds in the OSPAR Region: 2019-2022 Leemans, J., Collier, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecosystem Benefits of Floating Offshore Wind Haberlin, D., Cohuo, A., Doyle, T. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Framework for assessing and mitigating the impacts of offshore wind energy development on marine birds Croll, D., Ellis, A., Adams, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions
Great Lakes Wind Energy Feasibility Study Musial, W., Green, R., Courbis, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms Williamson, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF, Entanglement Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Offshore wind farms are projected to impact primary production and bottom water deoxygenation in the North Sea Daewel, U., Akhtar, N., Christiensen, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Environmental Impact Assessment
U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations Green, R., Severy, M., Hein, C. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Case studies to support scenario mapping for offshore renewable energy development economic benefits BVG Associates Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Update on NREL’s 2020 Offshore Wind Resource Assessment for the California Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Bodini, N., Rybchuk, A., Optis, M. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Dominant Frequency Extraction for Operational Underwater Sound of Offshore Wind Turbines Using Adaptive Stochastic Resonance Wang, R., Xu, X., Zou, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Physical Environment
Case Study: Marine environmental data monitoring for nature friendly offshore wind Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
10 Recommendations: How to improve Maritime Spatial Planning to reach European climate, energy and biodiversity targets Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Marine birds: vision-based wind turbine collision mitigation Martin, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Mapping potential environmental impacts of offshore renewable energy Galparsoro, I., Menchaca, I., Seeger, I. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Mitigating Negative Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy on Biodiversity: The Role of International Environmental Law Marauhn, T., Böhringer, A-M., Jaś-Nowopolska, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Do people prefer offshore to onshore wind energy? The role of ownership and intended use Linnerud, K., Dugstad, A., Rygg, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs SEER, Green, R., Hein, C. Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Displaying 201 - 240 of 632 results