Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6434
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Public Opinion about Large Offshore Wind Power: Underlying Factors Firestone, J., Kempton, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Eagle Owl and Wind Power development at Karmøy, Western Norway Rov, N., Jacobsen, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Variation in Bat and Bird Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities: Assessing the Effects of Rotor Size and Tower Height Barclay, R., Baerwald, E., Gruver, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Post-construction monitoring report for avian and bat mortality at the NPPD Ainsworth Wind Farm Derby, C., Dahl, A., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Offshore wind farms: Effects on the water exchange of the Baltic Sea Burchard, H. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Renewable Energy Resources and Wildlife: Impacts and Opportunities Arnett, E., Strickland, M., Morrison, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Measurement and Reduction of Offshore Wind Turbine Construction Noise Elmer, K., Gerasch, W., Neumann, T. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Protocol for Investigating Displacement Effects of Wind Facilities on Grassland Songbirds Erickson, W., Strickland, D., Shaffer, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Passerines, Birds, Bats
Standard Investigation of the Impacts of Offshore Wind Turbines on the Marine Environment (StUK3) Bellebaum, J., Betke, K., Binder, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Annual FEPA Monitoring Report (2005-6) Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Interim Ornithology Chapter Gill, J.P., Mitchell, A., Pinder, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
If cumulative risk assessment is the answer, what is the question? Callahan, M., Sexton, K. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Collision Mortalities at Horseshoe Shoal of Bird Species of Special Concern Hatch, J., Brault, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Summer-Fall 2006 Bat Detector Survey and Two-year Summary at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Perception of Low-Frequency Acoustic Signals by a Harbour Propoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Presence of Simulated Offshore Wind Turbine Noise Lucke, K., Lepper, P., Hoeve, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Many ways to say ‘no’, different ways to say ‘yes’: Applying Q-Methodology to understand public acceptance of wind farm proposals Ellis, G., Barry, J., Robinson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Wind Farm - Kriegers Flak: Environmental Impact Assessment Sweden Offshore Wind AB Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Estimation of seabird numbers in the German North Sea throughout the annual cycle and their biogeographic importance Garthe, S., Sonntag, N., Schwemmer, P. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Perception of Low-Frequency Acoustic Signals by a Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Presence of Simulated Offshore Wind Turbine Noise Lucke, K., Lepper, P., Hoeve, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
The Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) on Sleneset and Windpower Jacobsen, K., Rov, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Raptors, Birds
Regulating Avian Impacts Under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Other Laws: The Wind Industry Collides with One of its Own, the Environmental Protection Movement McKinsey, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind energy policies in the Netherlands: Institutional capacity-building for ecological modernisation Breukers, S., Wolsink, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Potential Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Noise on Fish Thomsen, F., Judd, A., Lüdemann, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish
Applying Radar Technology to Migratory Bird Conservation and Management: Strengthening and Expanding a Collaborative Ruth, J. Report Wind Energy Birds, Bats
An investigation into micro wind energy systems for their utilization in urban areas and their life cycle assessment Celik, A., Muneer, T., Clarke, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Impact of Wind Turbines on Birds in Zeebrugge (Belgium): Significant Effect on Breeding Tern Colony Due to Collisions Everaert, J., Stienen, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Seabirds, Birds
Tern Observations Near Monomoy Island ESS Group Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Spring 2006 Bird and Bat Migration Surveys at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
A Preliminary Evaluation on the Use of Dogs to Recover Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities Arnett, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Avian/Wind Statistical Peer Review Project Surles, T., Vine, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Revised Navigational Risk Assessment ESS Group, Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Navigation, Human Dimensions
Harbour Porpoises on Horns Reef Effects of the Horns Reef Wind Farm Jakob, T., Carstensen, J., Wisz, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Summary on Harbour Porpoise Monitoring 1999-2006 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms Teilmann, J., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Habitat Change Marine Mammals
Energy and carbon audit of a rooftop wind turbine Rankine, R., Chick, J., Harrison, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Review Report 2005: The Danish Offshore Wind Farm Demonstration Project: Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Environmental Impact Assessment and Monitoring Dong Energy, Vattenfall Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Summer 2006 Indiana Bat Surveys at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project in Clayton, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Summary on Seal Monitoring 1999-2005 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms Teilmann, J., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
An Investigation into the Effects of Underwater Piling Noise on Salmonids Nedwell, J., Turnpenny, A., Lovell, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
Results of Wildlife Movement Monitoring Using an Infrared Sensing Remote Camera Located Under Wind Turbine 7, Searsburg Wind Project April-November 2006 Wallin, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Terrestrial Mammals
Offshore Wind Farms and the Environment: Danish Experiences from Horns Rev and Nysted Danish Energy Agency Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Danish Offshore Wind: Key Environmental Issues Dong Energy, Vattenfall, Danish Energy Agency Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
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