Invertebrates

A broad term that encompasses both marine and terrestrial animals lacking a backbone.

Invertebrates are organisms that lack a backbone. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Benthic invertebrates typically live on the seafloor; common examples include cephalopods (squid, octopus, nautilus), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters), and mollusks (clams, barnacles). Many benthic invertebrates serve as indicators of ecosystem health and are harvested commercially around the world. Invertebrates that may be found on land include insects, worms, and arachnids.

Electromagnetic fields, noise pollution, changes in flow, and other impacts from offshore developments may affect the health of some benthic invertebrates. Changes in water quality may also alter benthic habitats and the organisms that reside within them negatively. However, the addition of offshore wind energy and marine renewable energy’s subsea cables and support structures to the seafloor may also provide new habitat, potentially acting as artificial reefs and attracting benthic invertebrates. Invertebrates found on land, such as insects, may be attracted to land-based wind energy's lighting and as a result, may be at a heightened risk of collision. 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Invertebrates.

Total: 895

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Offshore Wind Energy Research on Environmental Impacts Köller, J., Köppel, J., Peters, W. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fish, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Towards a Statistically Valid Method of Textural Sea Floor Characterization of Benthic Habitats Orpin, A., Kostylev, V. Journal Article Invertebrates
Ecological Research on Offshore Wind Farms: International Exchange of Experiences - Part A Zucco, C., Wende, W., Merck, T. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
The benthic impacts of the Loch Linnhe Artificial Reef Wilding, T. Journal Article Habitat Change Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Impact of Windfarm OWEZ on the Local Macrobenthos Community Daan, R., Mulder, M., Bergman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
The Benthic Environment of the North and West of Scotland and the Northern and Western Isles: Sources of Information and Overview Wilding, T., Hughes, D., Black, K. Report Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Environmental effect studies – Status more than two years after the erection of Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Boesen, C., Andersen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Post-Construction Results from The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm May, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
An Evaluation of the Wildlife Impacts of Offshore Wind Development Relative to Fossil Fuel Power Production Jarvis, C. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Fish, Birds
Magnetic Orientation and Magnetoreception in Birds and Other Animals Wiltschko, R., Wiltschko, W. Journal Article EMF Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Reptiles
COWRIE 1.5 The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Sub-Sea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Wind Farm Developments on Electrically and Magnetically Sensitive Marine Organisms - A Review Gill, A., Gloyne-Philips, I., Neal, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
EMEC Tidal Test Facility Fall of Warness Eday, Orkney: Environmental Statement Foubister, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Hard Bottom Substrate Monitoring Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm Annual Status Report 2004 Leonhard, S., Pedersen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates
Surveys of Hard Bottom Communities on Foundations in Nysted Offshore Wind Farm and Schönheiders Pulle in 2004 Birklund, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
On electrical fishing for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon): I. Laboratory experiments Polet, H., Delanghe, F., Verschoore, R. Journal Article EMF Invertebrates
Inshore-Offshore Comparison of Parasite Infestation in Mytilus edulis: Implications for Open Ocean Aquaculture Buck, B., Thieltges, D., Walter, U. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
The Ecosystem Consequences of Sediment Disturbance Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) Report Marine Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
A Strategic Environmental Assessment of the Fish & Shellfish Resources with Respect to Proposed Offshore Wind Farms in the Eastern Irish Sea Lockwood, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fish, Environmental Impact Assessment
Shallow Moving Structures Promote Marine Invader Dominance Dafforn, K., Johnston, E., Glasby, T. Journal Article Marine Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates
Magnetic Orientation and Navigation in Marine Turtles, Lobsters, and Molluscs: Concepts and Conundrums Cain, S., Boles, L., Wang, J. Journal Article EMF Invertebrates, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Intertidal survey of proposed LAL cable landing at Cleve Hill, September 2004 Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Ltd (CMACS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
A Review of Approaches for Classifying Benthic Habitats and Evaluating Habitat Quality Diaza, R., Solan, M., Valente, R. Journal Article Invertebrates
A Review Of The Records Of Giant Squid In The North-Eastern Atlantic And Severe Injuries In Architeuthis Dux Stranded After Acoustic Explorations Guerra, A., González, A., Rocha, F. Conference Paper Noise Invertebrates
Long-Term Exposure of Several Marine Benthic Animals to Static Magnetic Fields Zettler, M., Bochert, R. Journal Article Marine Energy EMF Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
Biology and Video Surveys of North Hoyle Wind Turbines 11th-13th August 2004 Bunker, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Fish
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary: Invertebrates List National Marine Sanctuaries Webpage Invertebrates
Role of food subsidies and habitat structure in influencing benthic communities of shell mounds at sites of existing and former offshore oil platforms Bomkamp, R., Page, H., Dugan, J. Journal Article Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Development of the Fouling Community on Turbine Foundations and Scour Protections in Nysted Offshore Wind Farm Birklund, J., Petersen, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
Hard bottom substrate monitoring Horns Rev offshore wind farm. Annual status report 2003 Leonhard, S., Pedersen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates
Infauna Monitoring Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm: Annual Status Report 2003 Bech, M., Leonhard, S., Pedersen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Connor, D., Allen, J., Golding, N. Report Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Bouw en exploitatie van een windmolenpark op de Thorntonbank in de Noordzee: Milieueffectenbeoordeling van het project ingediend door de n.v. C-Power Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
North Sea Wind Farms NSW Lot 1 Benthic Fauna Jarvis, S., Allen, J., Proctor, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
The Effects of Copper-Based Antifouling Paint on Mortality and Enzymatic Activity of a Non-Target Organism Katranitsas, A., Castritsi-Cathariosa, J., Persoone, G. Journal Article Marine Energy Chemicals Invertebrates
Long-Term Dynamics of Fouling Communities Found on Offshore Installations in the North Sea Whomersley, P., Picken, G. Journal Article Habitat Change Invertebrates
SuperGen Marine Energy Research Wallace, R., Ingram, D., Jeffrey, H. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
The Environmental Effects of the Installation and Functioning of the Submarine SwePol Link HVDC Transmission Line: A Case Study of the Polish Marine Area of the Baltic Sea Andrulewicz, E., Napierska, D., Otremba, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy EMF Physical Environment, Invertebrates
True Navigation and Magnetic Maps in Spiny Lobsters Boles, L., Lohmann, K. Journal Article EMF Invertebrates
U.S. West Coast Groundfish Bottom Trawl Survey NOAA Fisheries Webpage Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Proposed Wave Energy Technology Project Environmental Assessment US Department of the Navy Report Marine Energy, Wave Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism
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