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Invertebrates

Invertebrates in a benthic habitat
A broad term that encompasses both marine and terrestrial animals lacking a backbone.

Invertebrates are organisms that lack a backbone. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Benthic invertebrates typically live on the seafloor; common examples include cephalopods (squid, octopus, nautilus), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters), and mollusks (clams, barnacles). Many benthic invertebrates serve as indicators of ecosystem health and are harvested commercially around the world. Invertebrates that may be found on land include insects, worms, and arachnids.

Electromagnetic fields, noise pollution, changes in flow, and other impacts from offshore developments may affect the health of some benthic invertebrates. Changes in water quality may also alter benthic habitats and the organisms that reside within them negatively. However, the addition of offshore wind energy and marine renewable energy’s subsea cables and support structures to the seafloor may also provide new habitat, potentially acting as artificial reefs and attracting benthic invertebrates. Invertebrates found on land, such as insects, may be attracted to land-based wind energy's lighting and as a result, may be at a heightened risk of collision. 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Invertebrates.

Total: 933

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Epibenthic Assessment of a Renewable Tidal Energy Site Sheehan, E., Gall, S., Cousens, S. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Will Ocean Energy Harm Marine Ecosystems? Hammar, L. Research Study Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Effects of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations on Mobile Demersal Megafauna and Pelagic Fish - Research at the Alpha Ventus Offshore Wind Farm Krone, R., Krägefsky, S. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates
Bottom substrate and associated epibenthic biota of the force tidal energy test site in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy Morrison, K., Redden, A. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Invertebrates
Turbine Sound May Influence the Metamorphosis Behaviour of Estuarine Crab Megalopae Pine, M., Jeffs, A., Radford, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Rampion Offshore Wind: Environmental Statement E.ON Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Geophysical Surveys of the Wave Energy Test Site at MCBH, Kāneohe: Diver Surveys Site 2 Sea Engineering Inc Report Marine Energy, Wave Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Billia Croo Fisheries Project: Final Report to the Scottish Government European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Report Marine Energy, Wave Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Impact of OWEZ wind farm on the local macrobenthos community Bergman, M., Duineveld, G., Daan, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
Hornsea Project 2 Environmental Impact Assessment SMart Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Development of Benthic Communities on Hard Substrates within OWEZ, the First Dutch Offshore Wind Farm Noordzee Wind Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates
The Added Value of 'Small-Scale' Monitoring of the Soft-Sediment Endobenthos around Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Coates, D., Vanaverbeke, M., Magda, V. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Oregon State University and Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Wave Energy Test Project US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Scoping Study For Offshore Wave Energy Development In Scottish Waters Davies, I., Gubbins, M., Watret, R. Report Marine Energy, Wave Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Scoping study for tidal stream energy development in Scottish waters Davies, I., Gubbins, M., Watret, R. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Biofouling: lessons from nature Bixler, G., Bhushan, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates
Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates Task 2.1.3: Effects on Aquatic Organisms Fiscal Year 2011 Progress Report Woodruff, D., Schultz, I., Marshall, K. Report Marine Energy EMF Fish, Invertebrates
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement Section 11: Wind Farm Fish and Shellfish Ecology Arcus Consultancy Services Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement Section 10: Wind Farm Benthic Ecology Arcus Consultancy Services Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Pilot Marine Spatial Plan for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters Turnbull, S. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
A Biogeographic Assessment of Seabirds, Deep Sea Corals and Ocean Habitats of the New York Bight: Science to Support Offshore Spatial Planning Menza, C., Kinlan, B., Dorfman, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates
Study of the Acoustic Effects of Hydrokinetic Tidal Turbine in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound Collar, C., Spahr, J., Polagye, B. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish
A Bayesian approach to habitat suitability prediction Lockett, D. Thesis Wave, Marine Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates
Revisiting ocean thermal energy conversion Fujita, R., Markham, A., Diaz, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, OTEC Changes in Flow, Entanglement Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Water Quality
Siting Study for a Hydrokinetic Energy Project Located Offshore Southeastern Florida: Protocols for Survey Methodology for Offshore Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Projects Dehlsen Associates Report Marine Energy Habitat Change Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Effects of Noise on Fish, Fisheries, and Invertebrates in the U.S. Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound-Generating Activities Hawkins, A., Popper, A. Report Marine Energy Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Benthic Communities on Hard Substrates of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) Bouma, S., Lengkeek, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Large Scale Interactive Coupled 3D Modelled for Wave and Tidal Energy Resource and Environmental Impact (TeraWatt) Heath, M., Harris, R., McKee, D. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Collision, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Yaquina Bay, Oregon Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites Evaluations Study and Environmental Assessment US Army Corps of Engineers, US Environmental Protection Agency Report Changes in Flow Invertebrates
Subtidal Benthic Video and Benthic Infauna Survey and Intertidal Cable Crossing Survey MER Assessment Corporation Report Tidal, Marine Energy Habitat Change Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Assessing Wave Energy Effects on Biodiversity: The Wave Hub Experience Witt, M., Sheehan, E., Broderick, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
National Status and Trends Data Portal Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment Webpage Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Ecological role of large benthic decapods in marine ecosystems: a review Boudreau, S., Worm, B. Journal Article Marine Energy Invertebrates
Offshore wind energy development in the Belgian part of the North Sea & anticipated impacts: an update Brabant, R., Degraer, S., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Stakeholder Engagement
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Heading for an Understanding of Environmental Impacts Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Quantifying Benefits and Impacts of Fishing Exclusion Zones on Bio-Resources around Marine Renewable Energy Installations (QBEX) Blondel, P., Bryden, I., Conley, D. Research Study Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Collision, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Linking land- and sea-based activities to risk in coastal ecosystems Samhouri, J., Levin, P. Journal Article Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental Impact Assessment of the Danish Wave Energy Center Margheritini, L., Azzellino, A. Research Study Marine Energy, Wave Changes in Flow, EMF, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life Popper, A., Hawkins, A. Book Noise Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish
MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1: Environmental Statement MeyGen Report Tidal, Marine Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fish, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds

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