Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Megawatts are not megawatt-hours and other responses to Willis et al. Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Wing-Beat Characteristics of Birds Recorded with Tracking Radar and Cine Camera Bruderer, B., Peter, D., Boldt, A. Journal Article Passerines, Birds
Determination of Raptor Migratory Pathways over a Large Landscape Seeland, H. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Are Flying Wildlife Attracted to (or do they Avoid) Wind Turbines? Larkin, R. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Attraction Birds, Bats
Local Birds in and around the Offshore Wind Park Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) (T-0 & T-1) Leopold, M., Camphuysen, C., Verdaat, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Impacts of Energy Development on Prairie Grouse Ecology: A Research Synthesis Hagen, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Birds, Wind and the Making of Wind Power Landscapes in Aude, Southern France Nadaï, A., Labussiere, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm - Scoping Opinion Thompson, F. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Installation of Tidal Turbine Array at Kyle Rhea, Scotland: Scoping Study Bedford, G., Tarrant, D., Trendall, J. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm - Scoping Report Szylak, S. Report Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Navigation
Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee Recommendations US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Fish
Avian post-construction studies and EIA for planned ex-tension of the Hitra wind-power plant Bevanger, K., Dahl, E., Gjershaug, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The wind is blowing the right way for birds Foote, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The return of the white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) to northern Germany: Modelling the past to predict the future Kruger, O., Grunkorn, T., Struwe-Juhl, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Further Scottish Leasing Round (Saltire Prize Projects) Scoping Study Harrald, M., Davies, I. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Birds, Seabirds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
Assessing the Potential Impact of Wind Turbines on the Endangered Galapagos Petrel Pterodroma phaeopygia at San Cristóbal Island, Galapagos Cruz-Delgado, F., Wiedenfeld, D., Gonzalez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Wind Turbine Interactions with Birds, Bats, and their Habitats: A Summary of Research Results and Priority Questions National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Robin Rigg Solway Offshore Wind Farm: Bird Monitoring Programme Report No. 8: construction phase bird surveys October-December 2009 and comparison of construction phase data with previous baseline Percival, S., Percival, T., Hartley, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Interim Golden Eagle Technical Guidance: Inventory and Monitoring Protocols; and Other Recommendations in Support of Golden Eagle Management and Permit Issuance Pagel, J., Whittington, D., Allen, G. Report Birds, Raptors
Avian, bat and habitat cumulative impacts associated with wind energy development in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion of Eastern Washington and Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Offshore Wind Farms and Birds: Round 3 Zones, Extensions to Round 1 & Round 2 Sites & Scottish Territorial Waters Langston, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Assessment methodology for determining cumulative impacts of wave and tidal marine renewable energy devices on marine birds Scottish Natural Heritage Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Conservation and management issues for the Dadia-Lefkimi-Soufli Forest National Park Catsadorakis, G., Kati, V., Liarikos, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Marine Renewable Energy and the Environment (MaREE) Adams, T., Bainbridge, J., Benjamins, S. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Marine Wind Farms: Seabirds, White-Tailed Eagles, Eurasian Eagle-Owl and Waders - A Screening of Potential Conflict Areas Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Lorentsen, S., Dahl, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Evaluating the potential impacts of tidal power schemes on estuarine waterbirds Burton, N., Thaxter, C., Cook, A. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Waterfowl
A study of White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla movements and mortality at a wind farm in Norway Nygård, T., Bevanger, K., Dahl, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Bird migration monitoring in the AES Geo Power Wind Park territory, Kaliakra region, in autumn 2010 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Cumulative Impact Assessments and Bird/Wind Farm Interactions: Developing a Conceptual Framework Masden, E., Fox, A., Furness, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment
Introduction: offshore wind energy development in the Belgian part of the North Sea & anticipated impacts Brabant, R., Jacques, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Saint Nikola Wind Farm: 2010 Breeding Bird Survey Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Early Environmental Impact Assessment and Spatio-Temporal Variability Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
The Future of the Atlantic Marine Environment (FAME) de Liedekerke, V., Owen, E., Crawford, R. Research Study Wave, Marine Energy Habitat Change, Collision Seabirds, Birds
A review of the potential use of sonar to observe the underwater behaviour of diving birds near tidal energy devices RPS group Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Seabirds
Post‐Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study at the Blue Sky Green Field Wind Energy Center, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin: July 21, 2008 – October 31, 2008 and March 15, 2009 – June 4, 2009 Gruver, J., Sonnenburg, M., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Bats on the move Popa-Lisseanu, A., Voigt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Anholt Offshore Wind Farm Birds DHI A/S Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
What is the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds? A Case Study in Southern Spain Farfan, M., Vargas, J., Duarte, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway (Bird Wind): Progress Report 2009 Bevanger, K., Berntsen, F., Clausen, S. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Large Scale Risk-Assessment of Wind-Farms on Population Viability of a Globally Endangered Long-Lived Raptor Carrete, M., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Benitez, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
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