Collision

Direct contact between an animal and a device component.

Any part of a renewable energy device that moves has the potential to have a deleterious effect on both resident and migratory organisms. Collisions between animals and tidal or wind turbine blades could result in injury or death, either by direct contact with the device or by pressure changes created around the moving parts. The probability of a collision with a blade may vary based on the rotational or mechanical speed of the moving parts, the presence and density of animals in the area, the time of day, weather conditions, and the ability of animals to sense and evade the device. Carcasses found around land-based wind turbines provide an estimate of bird and bat fatalities, while it is much more difficult to estimate the effect of collisions with offshore wind turbines. To date there have been no observed collisions of marine mammals or diving seabirds with tidal turbines. Wave energy devices also have moving parts such as heave plates, flaps, and other large heavy components that could potentially cause harm, although the likelihood is thought to be extremely small. Collisions resulting in injury and death of individual animals with moving parts of devices become particularly important if the loss of those individuals affect the stability and sustainability of the population in the area.

For more information relevant to marine energy, check out the Collision Risk Short Science Summary produced by OES-Environmental.

For more information relevant to offshore wind energy, check out the Bat and Bird Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy research brief produced by SEER.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Collision.

Total: 1586

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context Peste, F., Paula, A., Pinto da Silva, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Bats
Deriving an Avoidance Rate for Swans Suitable for Onshore Wind Farm Collision Risk Modelling Whitfield, D., Urquhart, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Mitigating Wind-Turbine Induced Avian Mortality: Sensory, Aerodynamic and Cognitive Constraints and Options May, R., Reitan, O., Bevanger, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Post Construction Fatality Surveys for the Prairie Rose Wind Energy Facility Rock County, Minnesota Chodachek, K., Adachi, K., DiDonato, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision
Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP) Polagye, B., Stewart, A., Joslin, J. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Animal Reactions to Oncoming Vehicles: A Conceptual Review Lima, S., Blackwell, B., DeVault, T. Journal Article Collision Marine Mammals, Birds
Species composition and mortality of bats at the Osorio Wind Farm, southern Brazil Barros, M., de Magalhaes, R., Rui, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Predicting the Weather-Dependent Collision Risk for Birds at Wind Farms Skov, H., Heinänen, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Observations from the Use of Dogs to Undertake Carcass Searches at Wind Facilities in Australia Bennett, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
First Report on Bat Mortalities on Wind Farms in Chile Escobar, L., Juarez, C., Medina-Vogel, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Environmental Risk Evaluation System - An Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments Copping, A., Hanna, L., Van Cleve, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Chemicals, Changes in Flow, Avoidance, Attraction Marine Mammals, Fish, Birds
Fauna Collisions with Wind Turbines: Effects and Impacts, Individuals and Populations. What Are We Trying to Assess? Smales, I. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Review and guidance on use of “shutdown-on-demand” for wind turbines to conserve migrating soaring birds in the Rift Valley/Red Sea Flyway BirdLife International Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Collision, Displacement and Barrier Effect Concept Note Humphreys, E., Cook, S., Burton, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions
Results and Analysis of Eagle Studies from the Bluff Point and Studland Bay Wind Farms 2002-2012 Hull, C., Sims, C., Stark, E. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Optimizing the Wave Energy Converters by Metaheuristic Methods Neshat, M., Sergiienko, S., Xia, Y. Research Study Marine Energy, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Reproductive output of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in relation to wind turbine proximity Fernandez-Bellon, D., Irwin, S., Wilson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
First Year Post-Construction Monitoring of Bats and Birds at Wind Turbine Test Centre Østerild Therkildsen, O., Elmeros, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Spring Flyways of Migrating Soaring Birds in Akkar, Northern Lebanon Ramadan-Jaradi, G., Ramadan-Jaradi, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines Cook, A., Humphreys, E., Masden, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Empirical Evidence for Factors Affecting Searcher Efficiency and Scavenging Rates at a Coastal, Terrestrial Wind-Power Facility Peters, K., Mizrahi, D., Allen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Assessing the Influence of Wind Turbines and Land-use on Mortality Risk of Avian Species on the Llano Estacado with Emphasis on Birds of Prey Linner, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Nest Survival of Red-Winged Blackbirds in Agricultural Areas Developed for Wind Energy Gillespie, M., Dinsmore, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Passerines, Birds
Study of the Wildlife of Jhimpir Wind Corridor, District Thatta, Sindh and Development of Bird Monitoring Strategy in the Area Ghalib, S., Khan, M., Ahmed, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Estimates of Collision Risk of Harbour Porpoises and Marine Renewable Energy Devices at Sites of High Tidal-Stream Energy Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Elliot, J. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy for Invenergy's Pleasant Ridge Wind Project Invenergy Canada Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Understanding Bird Collisions at Wind Farms: An Updated Review on the Causes and Possible Mitigation Strategies Marques, A., Batalha, H., Rodrigues, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Activity of Tree Bats at Anthropogenic Tall Structures: Implications for Mortality of Bats at Wind Turbines Jameson, J., Willis, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Simulating Blade-Strike on Fish Passing Through Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines Romero-Gomez, P., Richmond, M. Journal Article Tidal, Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish
Warning Sounds and Color for Reducing Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines Khan, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Behavior of Bats at Wind Turbines Cryan, P., Gorresen, P., Hein, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement Bats
Wind and Wildlife Fauna Collisions with Wind Turbines: Effects and Impacts, Individuals and Populations. What Are We Trying to Assess? Smales, I. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Massive Bat Migration Across the Alps: Implications for Wind Energy Development Bontadina, F., Beck, A., Dietrich, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
An International Assessment of the Environmental Effects of Marine Energy Development Copping, A., Battey, H., Brown-Saracino, J. Journal Article Marine Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
The challenges and possible solutions of horizontal axis wind turbines as a clean energy solution for the future Ahmed, N., Cameron, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats, Birds
What Flight Heights Tell Us About Foraging and Potential Conflicts with Wind Farms: A Case Study in Lesser Black-Backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) Corman, A., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Seabirds, Birds
A Special Purpose: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Wind Energy Rose, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities Erickson, W., Wolfe, M., Bay, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms Bradbury, G., Trinder, M., Furness, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
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