Short Science Summary 2020: Collision Risk

Fish

Potential for Animals to be Injured by Turbines: Collision Risk

The presence of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices—particularly the rotating blades of tidal and river turbines—is thought to pose a risk to marine animals. Animals might come into close contact with turbine blades in the course of their natural movements, because they are attracted to the device for purposes of feeding, shelter, or out of curiosity, or because they are not strong enough to avoid currents that might sweep them into the blades.

The concern is that a collision with moving device parts (e.g., turbine blades), a moving device (e.g., tidal kite), or perhaps the stationary part of a device (e.g., foundation) could cause irrevocable injury or death. For animal populations that are under stress for other reasons, such as climate change or other human activities, loss of even a few members due to collision might affect the survivability of the population. The greatest concerns are for marine mammals, especially those in protected or declining populations; commercially and recreationally important fish species; and endangered seabirds.

This Short Science Summary was developed based on the OES-Environmental 2020 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World, specifically Chapter 3: Collision Risk for Animals around Turbines. 

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Evaluating the Risk of Collision of Seals Swimming Within Metres of Operating Tidal Turbines Montabaranom, J., Gillespie, D., Sparling, C., Longden, E., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Observations of marine animal interactions with a small tidal turbine Cotter, E., Bassett, C., Murphy, P., Scott, M., Runyan, A., Almokharrak, J., Kao, L., Ovall, L., McMillen, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
All tide up: addressing the regulatory and environmental barriers affecting tidal energy development in British Columbia Kelsey, A. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, EMF, Noise Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Misplaced fears? What the evidence reveals of the ecological effects of tidal power generation Ascher, S., Gray, I., Collins, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental effects of marine renewable energy off-grid and micro-grid applications: a use case approach to assess existing knowledge and remaining uncertainties Hemery, L., Weicht, L., Copping, A., Garavelli, L. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Environmental Risks and Impacts of Offshore Energy: A Literature Review Pontinha, D., Bispo, L., Gervásio, H., Aktuglu, Y. Conference Paper Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Sea Turtles and Marine Energy: Linking Shell Mechanics to Impact Lezcano, I., Wyneken, J., Porter, M., Mahfuz, H., Aziz, A., VanZwieten, J. Presentation Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal Collision Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Scottish seabird conservation action plan: vulnerability report Scottish Government Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Sea Space Analysis for Wave and Tidal Energy Lee, S., Strong, V., Anning, D., Buecker, N., Flanary, C., Chang, G., Escajeda, E. , Kramer, S., Mullany, D. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Tidal Industry Seal Project: Managing the Consenting Risk of Harbour Seal Collision in the Scottish Tidal Energy Industry Edwards, E., Davies, I., Gerich, G., Green, M., Leaver, D., McKie, J., McLean, A., Munro, P., Murray, J., Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Tidal Stream Energy Project: Collision Risk Data and Evidence Summary Phillips, E., Wren, S., King, G., San Martin, E. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Outlook on the development of eco-friendly offshore renewable energy technologies Sun, P., Jiang, Z., Chen, Y., Song, X., Pang, Y., Cai, B., Xu, X., Li, Y. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Autonomous sensor suite for evaluating fish-turbine interactions and environmental impacts in marine renewable energy and hydropower Salalila, A., Lu, J., Martinez, J., Hou, H., Deng, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision Fish
A Fuzzy Logic Technique for the Environmental Impact Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Power Plants Flores, P., Mendoza, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Visual Impacts
Seals exhibit localised avoidance of operational tidal turbines Montabaranom, J., Gillespie, D., Longden, E., Rapson, K., Holoborodko, A., Sparling, C., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report July 2023 to June 2024 Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Wave and Tidal Energy: Evaluation of Feasibility, Costs, and Benefits Senate Bill 605 Report Lee, S., Strong, V., Aspen Environmental Group Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
OES-Environmental 2024 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World OES-Environmental Report Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
2024 State of the Science Report - Chapter 3: Marine Renewable Energy: Stressor-Receptor Interactions Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Rose, D., Farr, H., Whiting, J., Copping, A. Report Marine Energy, OTEC, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Recent Advances in Assessing Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Around the World Copping, A., Martinez, L., Hemery, L., Hutchison, I., Jones, K., Kaplan, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, OTEC, Riverine, Salinity Gradient, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
On the Hydrodynamic Analysis of a Vertical Axis MHK Turbine - Investigating Fish Trajectories via large-eddy simulation Seyedzadeh, H., Anjiraki, M., Sorisio, Guglielmo, Wilson, C., Khosreonejad, A. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
ALFA Task 10: Quantifying Collision Risk for Fish and Turbines Polagye, B., Bassett, C., Scott, M., Cotter, E., Joslin, J., Jones, L., Talpey, G., Snortland, A., Peraza, J., Horne, J. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Environmental impacts from large-scale offshore renewable-energy deployment Ouro, P., Fernandez, R., Armstrong, A., Brooks, B., Burton, R., Folkard, A., Ilić, S., Parkes, B., Schultz, D., Stallard, T., Watson, F. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Numerical study of a fish swimming in hydrokinetic turbine wake Macias, M.M., Mendes, R.C.F., Garcia-Ortiz, J.H., Oliveira, T.F., Brasil Junior, A.C.P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy: Final Report Fisheries and Oceans Canada Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Human Dimensions
Improving Understanding of Environmental Effects from Single MRE Devices to Arrays Hasselman, D., Hemery, L., Copping, A., Fulton, E., Fox, J., Gill, A., Polagye, B. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise
Probability of Atlantic salmon post-smolts encountering a tidal turbine installation in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy Sanderson, B., Karsten, R., Hasselman, D. Presentation Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Predicting the probability of encounter between fish species and tidal stream energy devices using acoustic telemetry Bangley, C., Hasselman, D., Culina, J., Flemming, J., Whoriskey, F., Stokesbury, M., Beland, J., Bradford, R., Sanderson, B. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Shetland Tidal Array Project Environmental Monitoring Plan (PEMP) Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals
A Probabilistic Methodology for Determining Collision Risk of Marine Animals with Tidal Energy Turbines Copping, A., Hasselman, D., Bangley, C., Culina, J., Carcas, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Quantifying conditional probabilities of fish-turbine encounters and impacts Peraza, J., Horne, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Automated Detection and Tracking of Marine Mammals in the Vicinity of Tidal Turbines Using Multibeam Sonar Gillespie, D., Hastie, G., Montabaranom, J., Longden, E., Rapson, K., Holoborodko, A., Sparling, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Task Force on Sustainable Tidal Energy Development in the Bay of Fundy Interim Report Fisheries and Oceans Canada Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Assessment of the impact of tidal power extraction from the Eastern Scheldt storm surge barrier through the evaluation of a pilot plant Fockert, A., Bijlsma, A., O'Mahoney, T., Verbruggen, W., Scheijgrond, P., Wang, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Fish
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report April 2022 to July 2023 Nova Innovation Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Measuring Detection Efficiency of High-Residency Acoustic Signals for Estimating Probability of Fish–Turbine Encounter in a Fast-Flowing Tidal Passage Sanderson, B., Bangley, C., McGarry, L., Hasselman, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future Soukissian, T., O’Hagan, A-M., Azzellino, A., Boero, F., Brito e Melo, A., Comiskey, P., Gao, Z., Howell, D., Le Boulluec, M., Maisondieu, C., Scott, B., Tedeschi, E., Maheri, A., Pennock, S. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
The bigger picture: developing a low-cost graphical user interface to process drone imagery of tidal stream environments Slingsby, J., Scott, B., Kregting, L., McIlvenny, J., Wilson, J., Yanez, M., Williamson, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Seabird use of tidal stream environments and potential interactions with tidal energy devices Isaksson, N. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Land based bird and mammal surveys Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
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