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Marine Mammals

Breaching humpback whale
A broad term that encompasses cetaceans, pinnipeds, and others.

Marine mammals include pinnipeds (seals, sea lions), cetaceans (dolphins and whales), and sea otters. Because these organisms have fairly advanced cognitive abilities, it is fairly difficult to gauge how offshore renewable energy devices will affect marine mammals. Some of these organisms use echolocation to communicate and navigate themselves through the marine environment, which poses a concern as noise emitted from offshore renewable energy devices can have the potential to mask or hide echolocation of marine mammals. Some marine mammals also have very sensitive hearing, which makes these organisms vulnerable to loud noises generated underwater (i.e. pile driving/construction). With these issues in mind, the stressors that pose the greatest risks to marine mammals are collision, habitat change, and displacement, as well as noise.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Marine Mammals.

Total: 1731

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
The Dynamic Ocean: Offshore Wind Energy and Other Activities in the New York Bight Williams, K.A., Stenhouse, I., Gulka, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Empirical Determination of Severe Trauma in Seals from Collisions with Tidal Turbine Blade Onoufriou, J., Brownlow, A., Moss, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Acoustic characterization of sensors used for marine environmental monitoring Cotter, E., Murphy, P., Bassett, C. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals
Assessment of Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Facilities on the Marine Environment Müller, A., Juretzek, C., Boethling, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Synopsis of Research Programs that can Provide Baseline and Monitoring Information for Offshore Energy Activities in the Pacific Region: Seabird and Marine Mammal Surveys in the Pacific Region Adams, J., Lafferty, K., Kelsey, E. Report Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Determining the impact of pile-driving activity on the spatio-temporal distribution of Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Piesinger, G. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Harbour porpoise responses to pile-driving diminish over time Graham, I., Merchant, N., Farcas, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Potential Benefits of Vessel Slowdowns on Endangered Southern Resident Killer Whales Joy, R., Tollit, D., Wood, J. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
ISEM: Integrated Active and Passive Acoustic System for Environmental Monitoring of Fish and Marine Mammals in Tidal Energy Sites Emera Report Marine Energy, Tidal Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms Defingou, M., Bils, F., Horchler, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Quantifying harbour porpoise foraging behaviour in CPOD data: identification, automatic detection and potential application Berges, B., Geelhoed, S., Scheidat, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Imaging sonar review for marine environmental monitoring around tidal turbines Joslin, J. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Marine Mammals
Moray West MPA Assessment Bell, K., Holland, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Protocol for mitigation of marine mammal disturbance and injury at EMEC test sites European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Guidance Marine Energy Marine Mammals
Guidelines for Providing Information on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles for Renewable Energy Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Effects of noise-mitigated offshore pile driving on harbour porpoise abundance in the German Bight 2014-2016 (Gescha 2) Rose, A., Brandt, M., Vilela, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Effect of impact pile driving noise on marine mammals: A comparison of different noise exposure criteria Stober, U., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Best available science? Are NOAA Fisheries marine mammal noise exposure guidelines up to date? Stocker, M. Conference Paper Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Minimizing wildlife impacts for offshore wind energy development: Winning tradeoffs for seabirds in space and cetaceans in time Best, B., Halpin, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Performance Characteristics of the NoiseSpotter: An Acoustic Monitoring and Localization System Raghukumar, K., Chang, G., Spada, F. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
South Fork Wind Farm COP Appendix P2: Animal Exposure Modelling Denes, S., Weirathmueller, M., Zeddies, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Feeding home ranges of pacific coast feeding group gray whales Lagerquist, B., Palacios, D., Winsor, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Underwater Acoustic Monitoring Data Analyses for the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island HDR Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Third Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Impact of pile-driving on Hector's dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand Leunissen, E., Rayment, W., Dawson, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A Framework for Studying the Effects of Offshore Wind Development on Marine Mammals and Turtles Kraus, S., Kenney, R., Thomas, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Final License Application for the PacWave South Project Oregon State University (OSU) Report Marine Energy, Wave Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Legal & Policy, Navigation
Annual environmental report 2017 – Belwind Belwind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Construction of the Vineyard Wind Offshore Wind Project National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Risk Assessment of Permanent Auditory Injury in Marine Mammals: Differences Arising from the Application of the Southall and NOAA Criteria Faulkner, R., Farcas, A, Merchant, N. Report Noise Marine Mammals
Effects of impulsive noise on marine mammals: investigating range-dependent risk Hastie, G., Merchant, N., Götz, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Marine Mammals and Tidal Energy: Annual Report to Scottish Government Palmer, L., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Providing ecological context to anthropogenic subsea noise: Assessing listening space reductions of marine mammals from tidal energy devices Pine, M., Schmitt, P., Culloch, R. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Department of Environmental Management's Advisory Opinion to the Public Utilities Commission Coit, J. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Three-dimensional movements of harbour seals in a tidally energetic channel: Application of a novel sonar tracking system Hastie, G., Bivins, M., Coram, A. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Hywind Tampen PUD del II – Konsekvensutredning Equinor Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Monitoring getijdenturbines Oosterscheldekering (Oosterscheldekering Tidal Turbines Monitoring Annual Report 2018) Leopold, M., Scholl, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow, Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Updated Scientific Recommendations for Residual Hearing Effects Southall, B., Finneran, J., Reichmuth, C. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals
Best Management Practices for North Atlantic Right Whales During Offshore Wind Energy Construction and Operations Along the U.S. East Coast Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans

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