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Marine Mammals

Breaching humpback whale
A broad term that encompasses cetaceans, pinnipeds, and others.

Marine mammals include pinnipeds (seals, sea lions), cetaceans (dolphins and whales), and sea otters. Because these organisms have fairly advanced cognitive abilities, it is fairly difficult to gauge how offshore renewable energy devices will affect marine mammals. Some of these organisms use echolocation to communicate and navigate themselves through the marine environment, which poses a concern as noise emitted from offshore renewable energy devices can have the potential to mask or hide echolocation of marine mammals. Some marine mammals also have very sensitive hearing, which makes these organisms vulnerable to loud noises generated underwater (i.e. pile driving/construction). With these issues in mind, the stressors that pose the greatest risks to marine mammals are collision, habitat change, and displacement, as well as noise.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Marine Mammals.

Total: 1686

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Good noise, bad noise: A tricky case of balancing risk of physical injury against acoustic disturbance for marine mammals and tidal energy devices Wilson, B., Marmo, B., Lepper, P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision, Noise Marine Mammals
Imaging Marine Fauna with a Tritech Gemini 720i Sonar Parsons, M., Fenny, E., Lucke, K. Journal Article Fish, Marine Mammals
A Simulation Approach to Assessing Environmental Risk of Sound Exposure to Marine Mammals Donovan, C., Harris, C., Milazzo, L. Journal Article Marine Energy Noise Marine Mammals
Marine Protected Areas and Offshore Wind Farms Sanders, N., Haynes, T., Goriup, P. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Avoidance Marine Mammals
Picking the Right Spot: Offshore Wind Energy Forbes, M., Costa, B., Kendall, M. Podcast Wind Energy Birds, Demersal Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Fine-Scale Foraging Movements by Fish-Eating Killer Whales (Orcinus orca) Relate to the Vertical Distributions and Escape Responses of Salmonid Prey (Oncorhynchus spp.) Wright, B., Ford, J., Ellis, G. Journal Article Marine Energy Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Predicting lethal entanglements as a consequence of drag from fishing gear van der Hoop, J., Corkeron, P., Henry, A. Journal Article Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects (FAECE) of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds, Bats and Marine Mammals in the Southern North Sea Platteeuw, M., Bakker, J., van den Bosch, I. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Birds, Bats
Effects Matrix for Evaluating Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Development on U.S. Atlantic Coastal Habitats Latham, P., Fiore, W., Bauman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Passive Acoustic Methods for Fine-Scale Tracking of Harbour Porpoises in Tidal Rapids Macaulay, J., Gordon, J., Gillespie, D. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Approaches to Understanding the Cumulative Effects of Stressors on Marine Mammals National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Book Marine Mammals
Civil Engineering Aspects of a Wind Farm and Wind Turbine Structures Bhattacharya, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Analysis of the Possible Displacement of Bird and Marine Mammal Species Related to the Installation and Operation of Marine Energy Conversion Systems Long, C. Report Marine Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Updated Seal Usage Maps: The Estimated at-sea Distribution of Grey and Harbour Seals Russell, D., Jones, E., Morris, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
The influence of sea ice, wind speed and marine mammals on Southern Ocean ambient sound Menze, S., Zitterbart, D., Opzeeland, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
The Effect of Simulated Seal Scarer Sounds on Harbour Porpoises Hermannsen, L., Mikkelsen, L., Tougaard, J. Report Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: a Continued move towards Integration and Quantification Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment
Using paired visual and passive acoustic surveys to estimate passive acoustic detection parameters for harbor porpoise abundance estimates Jacobson, E., Forney, K., Barlow, J. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Algorithms for Marine Mammal Modelling and an Application in Ramsey Sound Lake, T., Masters, I., Croft, N. Conference Paper Marine Energy Marine Mammals
Assessing the exposure of animals to acoustic disturbance: Towards an understanding of the population consequences of disturbance Costa, D., Hückstädt, L., Schwarz, L. Conference Paper Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Fine-scale harbour seal at-sea usage mapping around Orkney and the North coast of Scotland Jones, E., Smout, S., Blight, C. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Spatial distribution and habitat preference of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Dutch North Sea Geert, A., Cremer, J., Kirkwood, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Integral NoiseSpotter Raghukumar, K., Chang, G., Spada, F. Research Study Marine Energy Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Avoidance of Wind Farms by Harbour Seals is Limited to Pile Driving Activities Russell, D., Hastie, G., Thompson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Offshore wind energy ecological programme (Wozep) Monitoring and research programme 2017-2021 WOZEP Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
The most Important Environmental Project in a German Offshore Wind Farm: Accompanying Ecological Research on the Offshore Test Field Project Alpha Ventus Beiersdorf, A., Boethling, M., Binder, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Like the Din in a University Canteen The Underwater Operating Noise and its Effects on Porpoises and Friend Benesch, M., Radecke, H. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Much Hubble-Bubble About Nothing? Research into the Little Bubble Curtain Method of Noise Reduction Rolfes, R., Rustemeier, J., Grießmann, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A systematic review on the behavioural responses of wild marine mammals to noise: the disparity between science and policy Gomez, C., Lawson, J., Wright, A. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm Annual Activity Report 2011 C-Power Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Measurement and characterisation of radiated underwater sound from a 3.6 MW monopile wind turbine Pangerc, T., Theobald, P., Wang, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Investigations into the interactions between harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and vessels in the inner Moray Firth Onoufriou, J., Jones, E., Hastie, G. Report Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Navigation
Potential effects of electromagnetic fields in the Dutch North Sea Phase 1: Desk Study Snoek, R., Swart, R., Didderen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Joint Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies Position Statement: ORJIP Project 4, Stage 1 of Phase 2 Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies (SNCB) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Attraction Marine Mammals
Dynamic habitat corridors for marine predators; intensive use of a coastal channel by harbour seals is modulated by tidal currents Hastie, G., Russell, D., Benjamins, S. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
The combined use of visual and acoustic data collection techniques for winter killer whale (Orcinus orca) observations Burham, R., Palm, R., Duffus, D. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Studying cetacean behaviour: new technological approaches and conservation applications Nowacek, D., Christiansen, F., Bejder, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Observing ocean ecosystems with sonar Matzner, S., Maxwell, A., Ham, K. Conference Paper Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals
Assessing The Benefit Of Noise Reduction Measures During Offshore Wind Farm Construction On Harbour Porpoises Verfuss, U., Plunkett, R., Booth, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Terrestrial and marine foraging strategies of an opportunistic seabird species breeding in the Wadden Sea Garthe, S., Schwemmer, P., Paiva, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals

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