Invertebrates

A broad term that encompasses both marine and terrestrial animals lacking a backbone.

Invertebrates are organisms that lack a backbone. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Benthic invertebrates typically live on the seafloor; common examples include cephalopods (squid, octopus, nautilus), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters), and mollusks (clams, barnacles). Many benthic invertebrates serve as indicators of ecosystem health and are harvested commercially around the world. Invertebrates that may be found on land include insects, worms, and arachnids.

Electromagnetic fields, noise pollution, changes in flow, and other impacts from offshore developments may affect the health of some benthic invertebrates. Changes in water quality may also alter benthic habitats and the organisms that reside within them negatively. However, the addition of offshore wind energy and marine renewable energy’s subsea cables and support structures to the seafloor may also provide new habitat, potentially acting as artificial reefs and attracting benthic invertebrates. Invertebrates found on land, such as insects, may be attracted to land-based wind energy's lighting and as a result, may be at a heightened risk of collision. 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Invertebrates.

Total: 895

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Assessing and Managing Effect Spheres of Influence Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Habitat Mapping and Assessment of Northeast Wind Energy Areas Guida, V., Drohan, A., Welch, H. Report Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Assessing potential impacts of energized submarine power cables on crab harvests Love, M., Nishimoto, M., Clark, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
New York State Offshore Wind Master Plan: Fish and Fisheries Study Ecology and Environment, Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
New York State Offshore Wind Master Plan: Environmental Sensitivity Analysis Ecology and Environment Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
East Anglia TWO Offshore Windfarm Scoping Report ScottishPower Renewables Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A Comparison of Fishes and Invertebrates Living in the Vicinity of Energized and Unenergized Submarine Power Cables and Natural Sea Floor off Southern California, USA Love, M., Nishimoto, M., Snook, L. Journal Article EMF Fish, Invertebrates
Good or Bad Vibrations? Impacts of Anthropogenic Vibration on the Marine Epibenthos Roberts, L., Elliott, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Noise Invertebrates
Multiscale hydro-environmental modelling of marine renewable energy devices, with particular application to the severn barrage Bray, S. Thesis Tidal Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates
Setting an Agenda for Biofouling Research for the Marine Renewable Energy Industry Loxton, J., Macleod, A., Nall, C. Journal Article Marine Energy Invertebrates
Wideband (15–260 kHz) acoustic volume backscattering spectra of Northern krill (Meganyctiphanes norvegica) and butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus) Jech, J., Lawson, G., Lavery, A. Journal Article Fish, Invertebrates
Wave and Tidal Range Energy Devices Offer Environmental Opportunities as Artificial Reefs Callaway, R., Bertelli, C., Lock, G. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Tidal Energy: The Benthic Effects of an Operational Tidal Stream Turbine O'Carroll, J., Kennedy, R., Creech, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow Invertebrates
Offshore marine constructions as propagators of moon jellyfish dispersal Vodopivec, M., Peliz, Á ., Malej, A. Journal Article Marine Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates
Biodiversity Characterisation and Hydrodynamic Consequences of Marine Fouling Communities on Marine Renewable Energy Infrastructure in the Orkney Islands Archipelago, Scotland, UK Want, A., Crawford, R., Kakkonen, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Habitat Change Invertebrates
Turning Off the DRIP ('Data-Rich, Information-Poor') - Rationalising Monitoring with a Focus on Marine Renewable Energy Developments and the Benthos Wilding, T., Gill, A., Boon, A. Journal Article Marine Energy Invertebrates, Ecosystem Processes
Distribution and abundance of cetaceans in a wind energy development area offshore of Massachusetts and Rhode Island Stone, K., Leiter, S., Kenney, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Underwater operational noise level emitted by a tidal current turbine and its potential impact on marine fauna Lossent, J., Gervaise, C., Iorio, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Storm effects on intertidal invertebrates: increased beta diversity of few individuals and species Corte, G., Schlacher, T., Checon, H. Journal Article Invertebrates, Human Dimensions
Characterisation of the Biofouling Community on a Floating Wave Energy Device Nall, C., Schläppy, M., Guerin, A. Journal Article Wave, Marine Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates
Macrobenthos in offshore wind farms: a review of research, results and relevance for future developments Jak, R., Glorius, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 1. Onshore: Potential Effects Perrow, M. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals
Wave energy and flow reduce the abundance and size of benthic species on oyster reefs Lunt, J., Reustle, J., Smee, D. Journal Article Wave, Marine Energy Invertebrates
Offshore exposure experiments on cuttlefish indicate received sound pressure and particle motion levels associated with acoustic trauma Solé, M., Sigray, P., Lenoir, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
Assessing larval connectivity for marine spatial planning in the Adriatic Bray, L., Kassis, D., Hall-Spencer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Development of a Video Trawl Survey System for New England Groundfish DeCelles, G., Keiley, E., Lowery, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
Appendix E-1 LimnoTech Report - Results of 2016 Aquatic Sampling LimnoTech Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Invertebrates
Interim Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions
A Sound Approach to Assessing the Impact of Underwater Noise on Marine Fishes and Invertebrates Hawkins, A., Popper, A. Journal Article Noise Invertebrates, Fish
Effects Matrix for Evaluating Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Development on U.S. Atlantic Coastal Habitats Latham, P., Fiore, W., Bauman, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
Identifying Relevant Scales of Variability for Monitoring Epifaunal Reef Communities at a Tidal Energy Extraction Site O'Carroll, J., Kennedy, R., Savidge, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Invertebrates
Mobile Demersal Megafauna at Common Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations in the German Bight (North Sea) Two Years after Deployment - Increased Production Rate of Cancer pagurus Krone, R., Dederer, G., Kanstinger, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates
Benthic effects of artificial structures deployed in a tidal estuary Mendoza, M., Henkel, S. Journal Article Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: a Continued move towards Integration and Quantification Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment
Benthic and Fish Aggregation Inside an Offshore Wind Farm: Which Effects on the Trophic Web Functioning? Raoux, A., Tecchio, S., Pezy, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
Review on behavioral impacts of aquatic noise on crustaceans Tidau, S., Briffa, M. Conference Paper Noise Invertebrates
Evidence of Cnidarians sensitivity to sound after exposure to low frequency noise underwater sources Solé, M., Lenoir, M., Fortuno, J-M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
The location of offshore wave power devices structures epifaunal assemblages Langhamer, O. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Habitat Change Invertebrates
A Benthic Habitat Monitoring Approach for Marine and Hydrokinetic Sites Revelas, G., Sackmann, B., Jones, C. Research Study Marine Energy Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
Installation and operational effects of a HVDC submarine cable in a continental shelf setting: Bass Strait, Australia Sherwood, J., Chidgey, S., Crockett, P. Journal Article EMF, Habitat Change Invertebrates
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