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Birds

Birds - Seagull
A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2836

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Kentish Flats Wind Farm Fifth Ornithological Monitoring Report Gill, J., Sales, D., Pinder, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Vision and the foraging technique of Great Cormorants (Phalacrocorax carbo): pursuit or close‐quarter foraging? Martin, G., White, C., Butler, P. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Estimating the Ability of Birds to Sustain Additional Human-Caused Mortalities Using a Simple Decision Rule and Allometric Relationships Dillingham, P., Fletcher, D. Journal Article Birds
How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? Cohn, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Collision Effects of Wind-power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds Drewitt, A., Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Avian Issues for Offshore Wind Development Allison, T., Jedrey, E., Perkins, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Full Scale Trial of High Definition Video Survey for Offshore Windfarm Sites Mellor, M., Maher, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Assessing the Cumulative Impacts of Wind Farms on Peatland Birds: A Case Study of Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria in Scotland Pearce-Higgins, J., Stephen, L., Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Shorebirds
Wind & Wildlife Key Research Topics National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind Power Company Compliance with Mitigation Plans in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Turbine Search Methods and Carcass Removal Trials at the Braes of Doune Windfarm Duffy, K., Steward, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Post-Construction Meteorological Tower Fatality Study at the Shiloh I Wind Project Site Solano County, California Final Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh I Wind Power Project Solano County, California, Two Year Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Adverse Impacts of Wind Power Generation on Collision Behaviour of Birds and Anti-Predator Behaviour of Squirrels Kikuchi, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Birds
Effect Studies Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee: Progress Report on Fluxes and Behaviour of Flying Birds Krijgsveld, K., Fijn, R., Heunks, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
Marine Habitat Use of North Pacific Albatrosses During the Non-breeding Season and Their Spatial and Temporal Interactions with Commercial Fisheries in Alaska Suryan, R., Balogh, G., Fischer, K. Report Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A Survey of Birds and Bats at a Proposed Wind Energy Site, Bear River Ridge, Humboldt County, California McAllister, S., Fix, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Local Birds in and around the Offshore Wind Park Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ)(T1) Leopold, M., Camphuysen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
A Radar Study of Nocturnal Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Hatchet Ridge Wind Project, California, Fall 2007 Mabee, T., Sanzenbacher, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds, Bats
Bird Fatality Study at Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: October 2005 to September 2007 University of California Santa Cruz Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
The bird migration monitoring in the AES Geo Power Wind Park territory, Kaliakra region in autumn 2008 Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-Farms OSPAR Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Post-construction Avian and Bat Fatality Monitoring and Grassland Bird Displacement Surveys at the Judith Gap Wind Energy Project, Wheatland County, Montana TRC Environmental Corporation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Avian information systems: Developing web-based bird avoidance models Shamoun-Baranes, J., Bouten, W., Buurma, L. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance Birds
Sex-Based Mortality of Common Tern in Farm Collisions Stienen, E., Courtens, W., Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part I: Birds Blew, J., Hoffmann, M., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part II: Harbour porpoises Diederichs, A., Hennig, V., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway: Status Report 1st January 2008 Bevanger, K., Follestad, A., Gjershaug, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Intersectoral Assessment of Impacts on Seabirds: Baseline Report for a Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan for the Norwegian Sea Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Bustnes, J., Follestad, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Green Light For Nocturnally Migrating Birds Poot, H., Ens, B., De Vries, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
Puget Sound Energy Wild Horse Wind Facility Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring, First Annual Report: January - December 2007 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Impacts of Wind Farms on Upland Habitats: The Environmental Cost of Scotland's Renewable Revolution The John Muir Trust Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats: Looking into the Problem Edkins, M. Report Wind Energy Seabirds, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Green Light to Birds: Investigation into the Effect of Bird-Friendly Lighting van de Laar, F. Report Lighting Birds, Passerines, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Wind Turbines and Sensitive Bird Populations: A Spatial Planning Guide for On-Shore Wind Farm Developments in Cumbria Youngs, T., Shackleton, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The Migration Ecology of Birds Newton, I. Book Birds
Klondike III Wind Project: Habitat Mitigation Plan Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Probability of Impact Workshop National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document Kunz, T., Arnett, E., Cooper, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds

Displaying 2401 - 2440 of 2836 results