Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Diablo Winds Wildlife Monitoring Progress Report, March 2005 - February 2006 Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Post-Construction Avian and Bat Fatality Monitoring Study for the High Winds Wind Power Project Solano County, California: Two Year Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds, Bats
The Effect of Avoidance Rates on Bird Mortality Predictions Made by Wind Turbine Collision Risk Models Chamberlain, D., Rehfisch, M., Fox, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Waterfowl, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Bird Migration Studies and Potential Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines Hüppop, O., Dierschke, J., Exo, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines
Radio Telemetry as a Tool for Impact Assessment of Wind Farms: The Case of Little Terns Sterna albifrons at Scroby Sands, Norfolk, UK Perrow, M., Skeate, E., Lines, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Remote Techniques for Counting and Estimating the Number of Bird-Wind Turbine Collisions at Sea: A Review Desholm, M., Fox, A., Beasley, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Assessing the Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds Drewitt, A., Langston, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Upland Raptors and the Assessment of Wind Farm Impacts Madders, M., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Information Needs to Support Environmental Impact Assessments of the Effects of European Marine Offshore Wind Farms on Birds Fox, A., Desholm, M., Kahlert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Tidal Barrages and Birds Clark, N. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Habitat Change, Displacement Birds
The British Ornithologists' Union Annual Spring Conference 2005 University of Leicester, 1-3 April 2005 Lanchbery, J., Mitchell, C., Tomlinson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Hydropower and Environmental Regulation - A Scottish Perspective Copestake, P. Journal Article Marine Energy Birds
The Development and Use of Individuals-Based Models to Predict the Effects of Habitat Loss and Disturbance on Waders and Waterfowl West, A., Caldow, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Birds
Distribution and Behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra Relative to Prey Resources and Environmental Parameters Kaiser, M., Galanidi, M., Showler, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Offshore Wind Energy Research on Environmental Impacts Köller, J., Köppel, J., Peters, W. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fish, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
A Test for Bias Attributable to Seabird Avoidance of Ships during Surveys Conducted in the Tropical Pacific Borberg, J., Ballance, L., Pitman, R. Journal Article Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Supplement to the Phase I Avian Risk Assessment and Breeding Bird Study for the Deerfield Wind Project, Bennington County, Vermont Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Influences of Artificial Light on Marine Birds Montevecchi, W. Book Chapter Lighting Birds, Seabirds
Impacts on Biodiversity of Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources: The Example of Birds and Bats Hötker, H., Thomsen, K., Jeromin, H. Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Ecological Research on Offshore Wind Farms: International Exchange of Experiences - Part A Zucco, C., Wende, W., Merck, T. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Bird collision monitoring system for multi megawatt wind turbines WT-Bird: Summary of prototype development and testing Wiggelinkhuizen, E., Rademakers, L., Barhorst, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Kaheawa Pastures Wind Energy Generation Facility: Habitat Conservation Plan Kaheawa Wind Power Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds in Evros and Rhodopi, Greece: Preliminary results Ruiz, G., Poirazidis, K., Schindler, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
The MINOS Project: Ecological Assessments of Possible Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Projects Kellermann, A., Eskildsen, K., Frank, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
Final Results of Bird Studies at the Offshore Wind Farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark Petersen, I., Christensen, T., Kahlert, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Comprehensive Renewable Energy Feasibility Study for Sealaska Corporation: Report September 2002 through December 2005 Lynette, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
A Bird and Small Mammal BACI and IG Design Studies in a Wind Farm in Malpica (Spain) de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Modelled Cumulative Impacts on the White-Bellied Sea-Eagle of Wind Farms Across the Species' Australian Range Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Summer 2005 Breeding Birds Surveys at the Proposed Top Notch Wind Project in Fairfield and Norway, New York Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
A Fall 2005 Radar and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Oil Pollution and Climate have Wide-Scale Impacts on Seabird Demographics Votier, S., Hatchwell, B., Beckerman, A. Journal Article Chemicals Seabirds, Birds
Survey Methods for Use in Assessment the Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms on Bird Communities Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Guidance: Survey Methods for Use in Assessing the Impacts of Onshore Windfarms on Bird Communities Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Fall 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Clayton Wind Project: Draft Report Woodlot Alternatives Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Raptors
A Spring 2005 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Deerfield Wind Project in Searsburg and Readsboro, Vermont Roy, R., Pelletier, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Baseline Studies North Sea Wind Farms: Fluxes, Flight Paths and Altitudes of Flying Birds 2003-2004 Krijgsveld, K., Lensink, R., Schekkerman, H. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Environmental effect studies – Status more than two years after the erection of Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Boesen, C., Andersen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Modelled cumulative impacts on the Swift Parrot of wind farms across the species' range in south-eastern Australia Smales, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Birds and Bats: Potential Impacts and Survey Techniques Global Energy Concepts Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind, Fire and Water: Renewable Energy and Birds. A report on the BOU's Annual Conference held at the University of Leicester, 1–3 April 2005 Greenwood, J. Journal Article Birds
Displaying 2441 - 2480 of 2731 results