Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Developing Methods To Reduce Bird Mortality In The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Recording Foraging Seabirds at Sea: Standardised Recording and Coding of Foraging Behaviour and Multi-Species Foraging Associations Camphuysen, K., Garthe, S. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Birds and Windfarms - Critical Analysis of 4 Reports on Bird Mortality at Windfarm Sites Durchamp, M. Webpage Wind Energy Birds
Wind Turbines and Bats - A Pilot Study Ahlén, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Attraction Passerines, Birds, Bats
Report to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory on Southwest Alaska Small Wind Wildlife Site Investigations at Kodiak Island and Bristol Bay October 3-10, 2003 Sharp, L., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Exhibition Place Wind Turbine Report on Bird Monitoring in 2003 James, R., Coady, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Risk Behaviors and Fatalities at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Period of Performance: March 1998 - December 2000 Thelander, C., Smallwood, K., Rugge, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Birds and Wind Farms in Ireland: A Review of Potential Issues and Impact Assessment Percival, S. Report Wind Energy Birds
The Effects of Light Characteristics on Avian Mortality at Lighthouses Jones, J., Francis, C. Journal Article Lighting, Attraction Birds
Cumulative Impacts Analysis for Avian and Other Wildlife Resources from Proposed Wind Projects in Kittitas County, Washington Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Terrestrial Mammals
SuperGen Marine Energy Research Wallace, R., Ingram, D., Jeffrey, H. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report: September 2002 - August 2003 Erickson, W., Kronner, K., Gritski, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds, Bats
Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report Erickson, W., Kronner, K., Gritski, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A Vehicle-Mounted Radar for Dual-Purpose Monitoring of Birds Harmata, A., Leighty, G., O'Neil, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Base-Line Investigations of Birds in Relation to an Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand: Results and Conclusions, 2002 Desholm, M., Kahlert, J., Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York, Fall 2004 Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Windfarms and Birds: An Analysis of the Effects of Windfarms on Birds, and Guidance on Environmental Assessment Criteria and Site Selection Issues Langston, R., Pullan, J. Report Wind Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Minimization of Motion Smear: Reducing Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: Period of Performance: July 12, 1999 - August 31, 2002 Hodos, W. Report Wind Energy Collision Raptors, Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Searsburg/Readsboro Expansion Wind Project, Bennington County, Vermont Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Bird Observations at the Pickering Wind Turbine James, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Influence of offshore windmills on migration birds in southeast coast of Sweden Pettersson, J., Stalin, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Annual Report: Results for the Period July 2001 - December 2002 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Environmental Assessment: Wind Energy Center Edgeley/Kulm Project North Dakota Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Shades of Green: A Bird's Eye View of Wind Energy Whittam, B., Kingsley, A. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Birds and Offshore Wind Farms: A Hot Topic in Marine Ecology Exo, K., Hüppop, O., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Hopkins Ridge Wind Project, Columbia County, Washington: Final Report Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Addendum to the Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York: Phase One and Phase Two Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Avian Interactions with Wind Power Structures Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Report Wind Energy Birds
Musselroe Wind Farm Project Summary Ellis, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Two White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Collide with Wind Generators in Northern Germany Krone, O., Scharnweber, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Avian and Sensitive Species Baseline Study Final Report: Eurus Combine Hills Turbine Ranch Umatilla County, Oregon Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Effects of offshore wind farms on birds: "Cuisinarts of the sky" or just tilting at windmills? Tingley, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Collision Potential of Eiders and Other Birds Near a Proposed Windfarm at St. Lawrence Island, October-November 2002 Day, R., Rose, J., Ritchie, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Avian and Bat Mortality During the First Year of Operation at the Klondike Phase I Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon Johnson, G., Erickson, W., White, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Windmar Project, Guyanilla, Puerto Rico Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Offshore Wind Energy in Europe— A Review of the State-of-the-Art Henderson, A., Morgan, C., Smith, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of the 20 MW Wind Power Project in Tejona, Costa Rica Report of Phase 2 of the Tejona Wind Power Project (TWPP) van Hulle, F., van Roekel, G., de Jongh, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Initial Phase of the Foote Creek Rim Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming November 1998-June 2002 Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Good, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Wind Turbines and Birds in Flanders: Preliminary Study Results and Recommendations Everaert, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wildlife Baseline Study for the Kittitas Valley Wind Project: Summary of Results from 2002 Wildlife Surveys Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Young, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Displaying 2561 - 2600 of 2731 results