Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6434
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
The use of seal scarers as a protective mitigation measure can induce hearing impairment in harbour porpoises Schaffeld, T., Ruser, A., Woelfing, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Fact Sheet: Adaptive Management for Wind and Wildlife Interactions WREN Summary Wind Energy
Eagle Conservation Plan for the Goodnoe Hills Wind Facility Klickitat County, Washington Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Wind energy: An ecological challenge Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Diffendorfer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Project Site Assessment Plan (SAP) Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Implementing hedonic pricing models for valuing the visual impact of wind farms in Greece Skenteris, K., Mirasgedis, S., Tourkolias, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
An Offshore Renewable Energy Environmental Research & Innovation Strategy for the UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Refusal of planning consent for the Docking Shoal offshore wind farm: Stakeholder perspectives and lessons learned Broadbent, I., Nixon, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Stakeholder Engagement
Can fixed-foundation offshore wind farms generate dangerous waves? Nexer, M., Damblans, G., Duperret, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Climate change impacts on renewable energy generation. A review of quantitative projections Solaun, K., Cerda, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
Activity and behaviour of Nathusius' pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusii at low and high altitude in a North Sea offshore wind farm Brabant, R., Laurent, Y., Poerink, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Individual or collective? Community investment, local taxes, and the social acceptance of wind energy in Switzerland Vuichard, P., Stauch, A., Dällenbach, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Megafauna Aerial Surveys in the Wind Energy Areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with Emphasis on Large Whales Summary Report - Campaign 4 2017-2018 Quintana, E., Kraus, S., Baumgartner, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment
Does the colonisation of offshore renewable energy farms facilitate the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species? Nexer, M., Ben Rais Lasram, F., Bourgougnon, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
From strategic marine planning to project licences – Striking a balance between predictability and adaptability in the management of aquaculture and offshore wind farms Schütz, S., Slater, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Methodology for modeling and service life monitoring of mooring lines of floating wind turbines Pham, H., Schoefs, F., Cartraud, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
Better estimates of collision mortality to black-legged kittiwakes at offshore windfarms Black, J., Cook, A., Anderson, O. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Wind turbine noise limits propagation of greater prairiechicken boom chorus, but does it matter? Whalen, C., Brown, M., McGee, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Spring 2019 Taxonomic Analysis Summary Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind
Evaluation of an Acoustic Deterrent to Reduce Bat Mortalities at an Illinois Wind Farm Romano, W., Skalski, J., Townsend, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
The Expected Shoreline Effect of a Marine Energy Farm Operating Close to Sardinia Island Onea, F., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Research frontiers in sustainable development of energy, water and environment systems in a time of climate crisis Kılkış, Ş., Krajačić, G., Duić, N. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions
Green Electricity Corridors in Europe: Integrated Vegetation Management (IVM): Status, roadblocks, and ways forward Ecofirst, Renewables Grid Initiative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Small-Scale Effects of Offshore Wind-Turbine Foundations On Macrobenthic Assemblages in Pinghai Bay, China Lu, Z., Zhan, X., Guo, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
B-Finder System: 24 Month Test Report for T-Series Przybycin, P., Przybycin, M., Przybycin, J. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Avian vulnerability to wind farm collision through the year: insights from Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) tracked from multiple breeding colonies Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Evaluation of the near future wave energy resources in the Black Sea under two climate scenarios Rusu, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Human Dimensions
Monitoring annoyance and stress effects of wind turbines on nearby residents Hübner, G., Pohl, J., Hoen, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions
Attitudes of U.S. Wind Turbine Neighbors: Analysis of a Nationwide Survey Hoen, B., Firestone, J., Rand, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Interdisciplinary science to support North Sea marine management: lessons learned and future demands Degraer, S., Van Lancker, V., Van Dijk, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Wind farms in the Icelandic highlands: Attitudes of local residents and tourism service providers Ólafsdóttir, R., Sæþórsdóttir, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Recreation & Tourism
Oklahoma's future wind energy resources and their relationship with the Central Plains low-level jet Wimhurst, J., Greene, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Аutumn 2019 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Oil and gas platforms as artificial substrates for epibenthic North Sea fauna: Effects of location and depth Schutter, M., Dorenbosch, M., Driessen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates
A Morphodynamic Study of the Irish Sector of the Irish Sea O'Shea, M., Guerrini, M., Murphy, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Landsat Time Series Assessment of Invasive Annual Grasses Following Energy Development Villarreal, M., Soulard, C., Waller, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
Influence of landscape and time of year on bat-wind turbines collision risks Roemer, C., Bas, Y., Disca, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Grand challenges in the science of wind energy Veers, P., Dykes, K., Lantz, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change
A Right Way, Wrong Way and Better Way for Energy Engineers to Work with Aboriginal Communities Duff, A., Hanchant-Nichols, D., Bown, B. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Spatial and temporal distribution of different age classes of seabirds in the North Sea Potiek, A., Vanermen, N., Middelveld, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
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