Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6496
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Health Effects and Wind Turbines: A Review of the Literature Knopper, L., Ollson, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
A Review of Methods to Monitor Collisions or Micro-Avoidance of Birds with Offshore Wind Turbines - Part 1: Review Strategic Ornithological Support Services Project Collier, M., Dirksen, S., Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds
Final Environmental Assessment of Maine's Deepwater Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Testing and Demonstration Project US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Effects of Wind Farms on Harbour Porpoise Behavior and Population Dynamics Nabe-Nielsen, J., Tougaard, J., Teilmann, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
GIS-based wind farm site selection using spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA): Evaluating the case for New York State van Haaren, R., Fthenakis, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Underwater Mach Wave Radiation from Impact Pile Driving: Theory and Observation Reinhall, P., Dahl, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
ORECCA European Offshore Renewable Energy Roadmap Jeffrey, H., Sedgwick, J. Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Standard for Measurement and Monitoring of Underwater Noise, Part II: Procedures for Measuring Underwater Noise in Connection with Offshore Wind Farm Licensing de Jong, C., Ainslie, M., Blacquière, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Dogs as a Tool to Improve Bird-Strike Mortality Estimates at Wind Farms Paula, J., Leal, M., Silva, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds
Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System - Environmental Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Copping, A., Hanna, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Aerial surveys of seabirds in the Dutch North Sea May 2010- April 2011 Poot, M., Fijn, R., Jonkvorst, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Modelling Harbour Porpoise Seasonal Density as a Function of the German Bight Environment: Implications for Management Gilles, A., Adler, S., Kaschner, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
The Multi-Use In Wind Farm Projects: More Conflicts Or A Win-Win Opportunity? Lacroix, D., Sylvain, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Ecosystem Processes
Short-Term Ecological Effects of an Offshore Wind Farm in the Dutch Coastal Zone: A Compilation Lindeboom, H., Kouwenhoven, H., Bergman, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Assessing Bird and Bat Mortality at the Forward Energy Center Grodsky, S., Drake, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Temporary hearing threshold shifts and recovery in a harbor porpoise and two harbor seals after exposure to continuous noise and playbacks of pile driving sounds Kastelein, A., Hoek, L., Gransier, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Effects of the Construction of Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm on the Prey Base of Little Tern Sternula albifons at its Most Important UK Colony Perrow, M., Gilroy, J., Skeate, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish
Development of a Geographic Information System-Based Decision Support Tool for Evaluating Windfarm Sitings in Great Lakes Aquatic Habitats Wehrly, K., Rutherford, E., Wang, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Ultrasonic noise emissions from wind turbines: Potential effects on bat species Long, C., Lepper, P., Flint, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Bats
Particle Motion Measured at an Operational Wind Turbine in Relation to Hearing Sensitivity in Fish Sigray, P., Andersson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Using Stakeholder Input to Develop a Comparative Risk Assessment for Wildlife from the Life Cycles of Six Electrical Generation Fuels Zillioux, E., Newman, J., Lampman, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Stakeholder Engagement, Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Joint Fact Finding and Stakeholder Consensus Building at the Altamont Wind Resource Area in California Bartlett, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds
Field Scale Experiments to Assess the Effects of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Organisms Gill, A., Mueller-Blenkle, C., McGregor, P. Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Fish
The effects of wind turbines on white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus Albicilla) in Hokkaido, Japan Shiraki, S., Kitano, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Characterization Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Integration and Validation of Avian Radars (IVAR) Brand, M., Key, G., Nohara, T. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Turtles and Culverts, and Alternative Energy Development: An Unreported but Potentially Significant Mortality Threat to the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Lovich, J., Ennen, J., Madrak, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Entanglement Reptiles
Sveti Nikola Wind Farm 2010 Bat Surveys Report RSK Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
The wind energy (r)evolution: A short review of a long history Kaldellis, J., Zafirakis, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision
Night Migration of Songbirds and Waterfowl at the Utgrunden Off-Shore Wind Farm: A Radar-Assisted Study in Southern Kalmar Sound Pettersson, J., Fågelvind, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Passerines, Waterfowl
Raptor mortality in wind farms of southern Spain: mitigation measures on a major migration bottleneck area Gallego, A., Lucas, M., Casado, E. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
ID Stat: Innovative Technology for Assessing Wildlife Collisions with Wind Turbines Delprat, B., Alcuri, G. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Bats
Bats and Bat Habitats: Guidelines for Wind Power Projects Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats
Assessing Avian-Wind Turbine Collision Risk: An Approach Angle Dependent Model Holmstrom, L., Hamer, T., Colclazier, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing Integrated Risks Of Offshore Wind Projects: Moving Towards Gigawatt-scale Deployments Ram, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Shortlist Masterplan Wind - Effect of Piling Noise on Survival of Fish Larvae (pilot study) Bolle, L., de Jong, C., Bierman, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Demersal Fish
Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and Wind Farms: A Case Study in the Dutch North Sea Scheidat, M., Tougaard, J., Brasseur, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Attraction Marine Mammals
Effects of wind energy production on growth, demography, and survivorship of a desert tortoise population in Southern California with comparisons to natural populations Lovich, J., Ennen, J., Madrak, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Reptiles
Simulation-based impact assessment of offshore wind farms on seabirds Lapeña, B., Wijnberg, K., Hulscher, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds
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