Invertebrates

A broad term that encompasses both marine and terrestrial animals lacking a backbone.

Invertebrates are organisms that lack a backbone. This includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Benthic invertebrates typically live on the seafloor; common examples include cephalopods (squid, octopus, nautilus), crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobsters), and mollusks (clams, barnacles). Many benthic invertebrates serve as indicators of ecosystem health and are harvested commercially around the world. Invertebrates that may be found on land include insects, worms, and arachnids.

Electromagnetic fields, noise pollution, changes in flow, and other impacts from offshore developments may affect the health of some benthic invertebrates. Changes in water quality may also alter benthic habitats and the organisms that reside within them negatively. However, the addition of offshore wind energy and marine renewable energy’s subsea cables and support structures to the seafloor may also provide new habitat, potentially acting as artificial reefs and attracting benthic invertebrates. Invertebrates found on land, such as insects, may be attracted to land-based wind energy's lighting and as a result, may be at a heightened risk of collision. 

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Invertebrates.

Total: 911

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
SFW01-0097 South Fork Fisheries Monitoring Plan WP3: Ventless Trap Survey Year 3 Report Bethoney, N., Long, M., McGinnis, L. Report Wind Energy Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Automatic classification of biofouling images from offshore renewable energy structures using deep learning Signor, J., Schoefs, F., Quillienn, N. Journal Article Attraction Invertebrates
Key Biofouling Organisms in Tidal Habitats Targeted by the Offshore Renewable Energy Sector in the North Atlantic Include the Massive Barnacle Chirona hameri Want, A., Goubard, A., Jonveaux, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
Numerical Study of Turbulent Wake of Offshore Wind Turbines and Retention Time of Larval Dispersion Ajmi, S., Boutet, M., Bennis, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates
Impact of geophysical and geotechnical site investigation surveys on fish and shellfish Duffy, O., Chumbinho, R., Coca, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Impact of hydrodynamics on community structure and metabolic production of marine biofouling formed in a highly energetic estuary Portas, A., Carriot, N., Ortalo-Magne, A. Journal Article Attraction Invertebrates
Red rock crab (Cancer productus) movement is not influenced by electromagnetic fields produced by a submarine power transmission cable Williams, J., Jaco, E., Scholz, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Invertebrates
Short-term habituation of the longfin squid (Doryteuthis pealeii) to pile driving sound Jézéquel, Y., Jandial, P., Cones, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Potential Hydrodynamic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy on Nantucket Shoals Regional Ecology: An Evaluation from Wind to Whales National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Is it safe for honey bee colonies to locate apiaries near wind turbines? Fourrier, J., Fontaine, O., Peter, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Invertebrates
Maryland Offshore Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Quick scan of effects from large upscaling of offshore wind (part C) Quee, N. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Towards understanding environmental and cumulative impacts of floating wind farms: Lessons learned from the fixed-bottom offshore wind farms Rezaei, F., Contestabile, P, Vicinanza, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates
Effects of anthropogenic magnetic fields on the behavior of a major predator of the intertidal and subtidal zones, the velvet crab Necora puber Albert, L., Olivier, F., Jolivet, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy EMF Invertebrates
Marine Restoration Potential (MaRePo) Johnson, C., Axelsson, M., Brown, L. Report Wind Energy Invertebrates
Year 3 Report SFW01-0097 Fisheries Monitoring Plan WP2: Beam Trawl Monitoring Survey Bethoney, N., Verkamp, H., Collie, J. Report Wind Energy Fish, Invertebrates
How effective are existing solutions to mitigate impacts of onshore wind farms on flying vertebrates and invertebrates? A Rapid Review Langridge, J., Dupuis, L., Hette-Tronquart, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds, Invertebrates
Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: Discussion Paper on the Challenges and Potential Opportunities Around the Colocation of Offshore Wind Energy with Marine Protected Areas Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Insects are attracted to white wind turbine bases: evidence from turbine mimics Crawford, M., Dority, D., Dillon, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction Invertebrates
Effect of electromagnetic fields from renewable energy subsea power cables on righting reflex and physiological response of coastal invertebrates Chapman, E., Rochas, C., Piper, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Invertebrates
Wind Energy and Insects: Reviewing the State of Knowledge and Identifying Potential Interactions Weschler, M. Thesis Wind Energy Attraction, Collision Invertebrates
Longfin squid reproductive behaviours and spawning withstand wind farm pile driving noise Jones, I., Schumm, M., Stanley, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Invertebrates
Marine energy converters: Potential acoustic effects on fishes and aquatic invertebrates Popper, A., Haxel, J., Staines, G. Journal Article Marine Energy Noise Fish, Invertebrates
Reef-building species and biogenic reef enhancement in the Dutch North Sea Sas, H., van Duren, L., Herman, P. Report Habitat Change Invertebrates
Offshore Transmission Infrastructure Project Environmental Monitoring Programme Moray Offshore Wind Farm (East) Limited Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Wind Farm Project Environmental Monitoring Programme: Moray East Offshore Wind Farm Moray Offshore Wind Farm (East) Limited Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Suivi écologique le long du fuseau: Suivi substrats rocheux et enrochements en 2021: Suivi substrats meubles en 2022 TBM Environnement Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Residency and habitat use of European lobster (Homarus gammarus) within an offshore wind farm Thatcher, H., Stamp, T., Wilcockson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Invertebrates
A New Miniaturized Acoustic Transmitter for Marine Animal Tracking Li, H., Deng, Z., Lu, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Introducing energy into marine environments: A lab-scale static magnetic field submarine cable simulation and its effects on sperm and larval development on a reef forming serpulid Oliva, M., De Marchi, L., Cuccaro, A. Journal Article EMF Invertebrates
Physiological condition of the warty venus (Venus verrucosa L. 1758) larvae modulates response to pile driving and drilling underwater sounds Gigot, M, Tremblay, R., Bonnel, J. Journal Article Noise Invertebrates
EDEN 2000: Exploring Options For A Nature-Proof Development of Offshore Wind Farms Inside A Natura 2000 Area Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Vanaverbeke, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Mapping Environmental Considerations for Marine Spatial Planning in Wales: Methodology Murray, L., Bloomfield, H., Skates, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Eco-friendly reef restoration pilots in offshore wind farms Bos, O., Kamermans, P., Tonk, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions
What are the potential effects of the electromagnetic fields produced by offshore wind farm power cables on marine organisms? Henry, S., Carlier, A., Chauvaud, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates
A wind of change for soft-sediment infauna within operational offshore windfarms Lefaible, N., Braeckman, U., Degraer, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Empire Wind Fisheries and Benthic Monitoring Plan INSPIRE Environmental Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Small effect sizes are achievable in offshore wind monitoring surveys Livermore, J., Truesdale, C., Ransier, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates
Five golden principles to advance marine reef restoration by linking science and industry Hofstede, R., Bouma, T., van Koningsveld, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
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