Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6460
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A review of raptor carcass persistence trials and the practical implications for fatality estimation at wind farms Wilson, D., Hulka, S., Bennun, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Low-Carbon, Nature-Inclusive Concrete Gravity-Based Foundations for Offshore Wind Turbines Fried, S., Ozkan, D., Halldén, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Conflicts between Fisheries and Offshore Wind Power in Taiwan: Legal and Administrative Prospects Tseng, H., Kao, S-C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
The species-specificity of energy landscapes for soaring birds, and its consequences for transferring suitability models across species Scacco, M., Arrondo, E., Donazar, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Collision Birds, Raptors
Case studies to support scenario mapping for offshore renewable energy development economic benefits BVG Associates Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Spatial study North Seas 2030 – offshore wind development Royal Haskoning Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation
Unstated impacts of the green energy industry on the habitat of a coastal delphinid: Turbid-turbulent wakes induced by offshore wind turbine foundations Huang, S-L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment
Update on NREL’s 2020 Offshore Wind Resource Assessment for the California Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Bodini, N., Rybchuk, A., Optis, M. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Аutumn 2022 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitefield, P. Report Wind Energy Birds
Analysing citizens’ perceptions of renewable energies in rural areas: A case study on wind farms in Spain Duarte, R., García-Riazuelo, A., Saez, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Commercial cuttlefish exposed to noise from offshore windmill construction show short-range acoustic trauma Solé, M., De Vreese, S., Fortuno, J-M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Noise Invertebrates
Public dialogue as a collaborative planning process for offshore wind energy projects: Implications from a text analysis of a South Korean case Park, S., Yun, S., Cho, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Environmental impact assessment framework for offshore wind energy developments based on the marine Good Environmental Status Abramic, A., Cordero-Penin, V., Haroun, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Regulatory and Policy Frameworks for Offshore Wind Projects: Spatial and Temporal Considerations in Light of Fisheries Sustainability amid Climate Change Al Arif, A., Anchustegui, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
Limited rigor in studies of raptor mortality and mitigation at wind power facilities Conkling, T., McClure, C., Cuadros, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Bird fluxes, flight and avoidance behaviour of birds in offshore wind farm Luchterduinen Leemans, J., van Bemmelen, R., Middelveld, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Bluepoint Wind: Fisheries Communications Plan (FCP) Sea Risk Solutions Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Towards Holistic Characterization of the Near Seabed for Renewable Energy Installations in Shallow Marine Environments Clementi, M., Boiero, D., Leone, C. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wind Energy Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
SUIVI DE LA QUALITE DE L’EAU, DES HABITATS ET PEUPLEMENTS BENTHIQUES: PARC EOLIEN EN MER DE SAINT-NAZAIRE PHASE CONSTRUCTION 2022 Tertre, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Empire Offshore Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Evidence for the effects of decommissioning man-made structures on marine ecosystems globally: a systematic map Lemasson, A., Somerfield, P., Schratzberger, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes
To fly or not to fly? Comparing vantage point and uncrewed aerial vehicle surveys for assessments of seabird abundance and fine-scale distribution Costagliola-Ray, M., Lieber, L., Nimmo-Smith, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Impacts of accelerating deployment of offshore windfarms on near-surface climate Akhtar, N., Geyer, B., Schrum, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Physical Environment
Heterogeneous warming impacts of desert wind farms on land surface temperature and their potential drivers in Northern China Liu, N., Zhao, X., Zhang, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Impact assessment for renewable energy development: analysis of impacts and mitigation practices for wind energy in western Canada Godinho, C., Noble, B., Poelzer, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Quantifying Raptors’ Flight Behavior to Assess Collision Risk and Avoidance Behavior to Wind Turbines Linder, A., Lyhne, H., Laubek, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Environmental variables for distribution modelling of UK marine megafauna species Wilkinson, D., Quinn, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Potential curtailment regimes for offshore wind farms: exploring the relation between wind speed, bird migration intensity and power yield van Bemmelen, R., de Groeve, J., Potiek, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Dynamics of community acceptance - Local responses to wind energy projects Schneider, N. Thesis Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Dominant Frequency Extraction for Operational Underwater Sound of Offshore Wind Turbines Using Adaptive Stochastic Resonance Wang, R., Xu, X., Zou, Z. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Physical Environment
Powering the Blue Economy: An Assessment of Marine Renewable Energies Guduru, S., Narula, K. Book Chapter Marine Energy, OTEC, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Tethys Wind Fact Sheet Tethys Summary Wind Energy
Mitigating Negative Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy on Biodiversity: The Role of International Environmental Law Marauhn, T., Böhringer, A-M., Jaś-Nowopolska, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Measurement of effects of pile driving in the Borssele wind farm zone on the seals in the Dutch Delta area version II Brasseur, S., Aarts, G., Schop, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
"We could have been leaders": The rise and fall of offshore wind energy on the political agenda in Ireland Roux, J-P., Fitch-Roy, O., Devine-Wright, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
10 Recommendations: How to improve Maritime Spatial Planning to reach European climate, energy and biodiversity targets Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Mapping potential environmental impacts of offshore renewable energy Galparsoro, I., Menchaca, I., Seeger, I. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Offshore and coastline migration of radio-tagged Nathusius' pipistrelles Bach, P., Voigt, C., Göttsche, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats
Visual evaluations of wind turbines: Judgments of scenic beauty or of moral desirability? Kirchhoff, T., Ramisch, K., Feucht, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Understanding Economic Impacts to the Commercial Surfclam Fishing Industry from Offshore Wind Energy Development Munroe, D., Powell, E., Klinck, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
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