Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K., Morrison, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bird Disturbance: Improving the Quality and Utility of Disturbance Research Hill, D., Hockin, D., Price, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
Avian Mortality at Rotor Swept Area Equivalents, Altamont Pass and Montezuma Hills, California Howell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Windfarm Design in the Light of Previous Experience Lloyd, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Mortality at Rotor Swept Area Equivalents, Altamont Pass and Montezuma Hills, California Howell, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effects of Wind Turbines on Nesting Raptors at Buffalo Ridge in Southwestern Minnesota Usgaard, R., Naugle, D., Osborn, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Effect of Tunø Knob Windpark on Birds Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
A Mathematical Model of Bird Collisions With Wind Turbine Rotors Tucker, V. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Using a Collision Model to Design Safer Wind Turbine Rotors for Birds Tucker, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Collision Course: The Hazards of Lighted Structures and Windows to Migrating Birds Ogden, L. Report Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Lighting Birds
A Continued Examination of Avian Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Orloff, S., Flannery, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wingbeat Frequency of Birds in Steady Cruising Flight: New Data and Improved Predictions Pennycuick, C. Journal Article Birds
Bird Casualties Caused by a Wind Energy Project in an Estuary Musters, C., Noordervliet, M., terKeurs, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
A Review of the Impacts of Wind Farms and Other Aerial Structures Upon Birds Gill, J., Townsley, M., Mudge, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting II LGL Ltd Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian interactions with wind energy facilities: A summary Colson, E. Conference Paper Wind Energy Birds
Final Environmental Impact Statement: Kenetech/Pacificorp Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming Mariah Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Pilot Golden Eagle Population Study in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area California Predatory Bird Research Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting LGL Ltd Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A Study of the Risk of Collision with Power Lines by Waterbirds in Winter at Shotton Steel Works, North Wales Balmer, D., Henderson, I., Clark, N. Report Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
Whirly Birds Linn, A. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Avian use of proposed KENETECH and CARES wind farm sites in Klickitat County, Washington: Technical report Jones & Stokes Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
Monitoring of Seasonal Bird Activity and Mortality on Unit 2 at the Buffalo Ridge Windplant, Minnesota Higgins, K., Dieter, C., Usgaard, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds, Bats
Impact of Wind Turbines on Birds - Status of present Knowledge and Perspectives Clausager, I., Nohr, H. Report Wind Energy Birds
Co-Occurrence of Cetaceans and Seabirds in the Northeast Atlantic Skov, H., Durinck, J., Danielsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
The Birds of Blyth Harbour Still, D., Little, B., Lawrence, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Nocturnal Bird Migration in the Negev (Israel) - a Tracking Radar Study Bruderer, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wind Power and Planning: The Environmental Impact of Windfarms in the UK Coles, R., Taylor, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds
The Effects of Aero-Generators on Moorland Bird Populations in the Orkney Islands, Scotland Meek, E., Ribbands, J., Christer, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Seabirds, Birds
Examination of the Effects of Disturbance of Birds with Reference to its Importance in Ecological Assessments Hockin, D., Ounsted, M., Gorman, M. Journal Article Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Manual for Aeroplane and Ship Surveys of Waterfowl and Seabirds Komdeur, J., Bertelsen, J., Cracknell, G. Book Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Wind Power and the Local Environment - No Free Lunches Plowden, B. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Wind Turbine Effects on Avian Activity, Habitat Use, and Mortality in the Altamont Pass and Solano County Wind Resource Areas, 1989-1991 Orloff, S., Flannery, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Assessment of Avian Use and Mortality Related to Wind Turbine Operations, Altamont Pass, Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California, September 1988 through August 1989, Final Report Howell, J., Didonato, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
An improved marine radar system for studies of bird migration Cooper, B., Day, R., Ritchie, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind Farm Location and Environmental Impact Clarke, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise, Habitat Change Birds
Research Program Concerning the Social and Environmental Aspects Related to the Windfarm Project of SEP Lubbers, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Records of entangled gannets (Sula bassana) at Helgoland, German Bight Schrey, E., Vauk, G. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Vogels en windturbines (Birds and windturbines) Winkelman, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Cape Blanco Wind Farm Feasibility Study Technical Report No. 11: Terrestrial Ecology Portland General Electric Company Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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