Wind Energy

The generation of renewable energy from the wind, either land-based or offshore.

Wind energy (or wind power) is a broad term that refers to the various ways to generate electricity from wind, the air flows that occur naturally in the atmosphere due to uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun. The type, size, and location of each turbine depends on wind availability, directionality, and strength, as well as grid accessibility and potential environmental and socio-economic impacts. Although the most common turbine design is the three-bladed horizontal axis turbine, several different designs have been developed over time, including vertical axis and two-bladed turbines.

Wind energy technologies can be classified in the following categories:

The primary environmental concerns associated with wind energy technologies typically encompass animal collision, impacts from noise, avoidance and/or attraction, impacts from lighting, and changes in flow.

Affiliated Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Total results: 6505
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Health Effects Related to Wind Turbine Noise Exposure: A Systematic Review Schmidt, J., Klokker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines Cook, A., Humphreys, E., Masden, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Common Raven Occurrence in Relation to Energy Transmission Line Corridors Transiting Human-Altered Sagebrush Steppe Coates, P., Howe, K., Casazza, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Blown in the Wind: Bats and Wind Farms in Brazil Bernard, E., Paese, A., Machado, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
The Influence of Large Offshore Wind Farms on the North Sea and Baltic Sea - A Comprehensive Literature Review Clark, S., Schroeder, F., Baschek, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Water Quality
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Electricity Generated by Offshore Wind Farms Reimers, B., Özdirik, B., Kaltschmitt, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Assessing the Influence of Wind Turbines and Land-use on Mortality Risk of Avian Species on the Llano Estacado with Emphasis on Birds of Prey Linner, K. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Report on the Implications for European Sites Proposed Dogger Bank Teesside A & B Offshore Wind Farm The Planning Inspectorate for England and Wales Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Offshore Wind Submarine Cable Spacing Guidance TÜV SÜD PMSS, Red Penguin Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Virginia Offshore Wind Technology Advancement Project on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Virginia Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Determining the local acceptance of wind energy projects in Switzerland: The importance of general attitudes and project characteristics Walter, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Nest Survival of Red-Winged Blackbirds in Agricultural Areas Developed for Wind Energy Gillespie, M., Dinsmore, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Passerines, Birds
Investigating the Co-Existence of Fisheries and Offshore Renewable Energy in the UK: Identification of a Mitigation Agenda for Fishing Effort Displacement de Groot, J., Campbell, M., Ashley, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Realizing the social acceptance of community renewable energy: A process-outcome analysis of stakeholder influence Ruggiero, S., Onkila, T., Kuittinen, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Impacts of the renewable energy law on the developments of wind energy in Turkey Dursun, B., Gokcol, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Empirical Evidence for Factors Affecting Searcher Efficiency and Scavenging Rates at a Coastal, Terrestrial Wind-Power Facility Peters, K., Mizrahi, D., Allen, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Wind Energy: A Reference Handbook Newton, D. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions
Study of the Wildlife of Jhimpir Wind Corridor, District Thatta, Sindh and Development of Bird Monitoring Strategy in the Area Ghalib, S., Khan, M., Ahmed, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Maps of SPA breeding seabird foraging ranges Scottish Natural Heritage Presentation Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Final Environmental Assessment Horton, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Eco-Maintenance for Complex Systems: Application on System of Renewable Energy Production Tchertchian, N., Millet, D. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes
Hydro Sound Measurements during the Installation of Large Diameter Offshore Piles using Combinations of Independent Noise Mitigation Systems Burns, B., Stein, P., Kuhn, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
New Achievements in Underwater Noise Modelling for Offshore Pile Driving Trimoreau, B., Lutzen, R., Kringelum, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
Dynamic Measurements of Pile Deflections as a Source of Underwater Sound Emissions during Impact Driving of Offshore Pile Foundations Kuhn, C., Sychla, H., Stein, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
The New Noise Mitigation System 'Hydro Sound Dampers': History of Development with Several Hydro Sound and Vibration Measurements Burns, B., Kuhn, C., Stein, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
New Hydro Sound Dampers to Reduce Piling Underwater Noise Elmer, K., Savery, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise
The Vindication of Don Quixote: The Impact of Noise and Visual Pollution from Wind Turbines Jensen, C., Panduro, T., Lundhede, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Visual Impacts, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Social acceptance of wind energy development and planning in rural communities of Australia: A consumer analysis D'Souza, C., Yiridoe, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Activity of Tree Bats at Anthropogenic Tall Structures: Implications for Mortality of Bats at Wind Turbines Jameson, J., Willis, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats
Key Criteria for Sustainable Wind Energy Planning - Lessons from an Institutional Perspective on the Impact Assessment Literature Thygesen, J., Agarwal, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy for Invenergy's Pleasant Ridge Wind Project Invenergy Canada Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Valuing the visual impact of wind farms: An application in South Evia, Greece Mirasgedis, S., Tourkolias, C., Tzovla, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Visual Impacts, Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Understanding Bird Collisions at Wind Farms: An Updated Review on the Causes and Possible Mitigation Strategies Marques, A., Batalha, H., Rodrigues, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Gwynt y Môr Siemens Project Site Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Social survey on wind turbine noise in Japan Kuwano, S., Yano, T., Kageyama, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Socioeconomic and demographic factors that influence publics' awareness on the different forms of renewable energy sources Karytsas, S., Theodoropoulou, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Is EIA Part of the Wind Power Planning Problem? Smart, D., Stojanovic, T., Warren, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Renewable Energy Sources: A Review of Lifecycle Considerations Amponsah, N., Troldborg, M., Kington, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Warning Sounds and Color for Reducing Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines Khan, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Assessing the Underwater Acoustics of the World's Largest Vibration Hammer (OCTA-KONG) and Its Potential Effects on the Indo-Pacific Humpbacked Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) Wang, Z., Wu, Y., Duan, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
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