Marine Mammals

A broad term that encompasses cetaceans, pinnipeds, and others.

Marine mammals include pinnipeds (seals, sea lions), cetaceans (dolphins and whales), and sea otters. Because these organisms have fairly advanced cognitive abilities, it is fairly difficult to gauge how offshore renewable energy devices will affect marine mammals. Some of these organisms use echolocation to communicate and navigate themselves through the marine environment, which poses a concern as noise emitted from offshore renewable energy devices can have the potential to mask or hide echolocation of marine mammals. Some marine mammals also have very sensitive hearing, which makes these organisms vulnerable to loud noises generated underwater (i.e. pile driving/construction). With these issues in mind, the stressors that pose the greatest risks to marine mammals are collision, habitat change, and displacement, as well as noise.

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Marine Mammals.

Total: 1579

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Pile Driving Zone of Responsiveness Extends Beyond 20 km for Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J., Teilmann, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Addressing the Effects of Human-Generated Sound on Marine Life: An Integrated Research Plan for US Federal Agencies Southall, B., Berkson J., Bowen, D. Report Marine Energy Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Overview Of The Impacts Of Anthropogenic Underwater Sound In The Marine Environment Götz, T., Hastie, G., Hatch, L. Report Marine Energy Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Vessel Noise Effects On Delphinid Communication Jensen, F., Bejder, L., Wahlberg, M. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Underwater Noise From Three Types Of Offshore Wind Turbines: Estimation Of Impact Zones For Harbor Porpoises And Harbor Seals Tougaard, J., Henriksen, O., Miller, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Acoustic Impact Assessment of Offshore Energy Project Richier, L., Guinot, F. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Marine Mammals
Speaking up: Killer whales (Orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise Holt, M., Noren, D., Veirs, V. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: State of the Art After Two Years of Environmental Monitoring Degraer, S., Brabant, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Peninsula Research Institute for Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE) Lorraine, R., Tremlett, C. Research Study Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Resolving Fine-Scale Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena Skov, H., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Measurement of Wind Turbine Construction Noise at Horns Rev II Betke, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Underwater Detection of Tonal Signals Between 0.125 and 100 kHz by Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina) Kastelein, R., Wensveen, P., Hoek, L. Journal Article Noise Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Characterizing the Relative Contributions of Large Vessels to Total Ocean Noise Fields: A Case Study Using the Gerry E. Studds Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary Hatch, L., Clark, C., Merrick, R. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Endangered Fish and Wildlife; Final Rule To Implement Speed Restrictions to Reduce the Threat of Ship Collisions With North Atlantic Right Whales National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Guidance Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Whale Entanglements With Submarine Telecommunication Cables Wood, M., Carter, L. Journal Article Marine Energy Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Distribution and Movement Patterns of Gray Whales Off Central Oregon: Shore-Based Observations from Yaquina During the 2007/2008 Migration Mate, B., Ortega-Ortiz, J. Report Marine Energy, Wave Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Measurement and Assessment of Background Underwater Noise and its Comparison with Noise from Pin Pile Drilling Operations During Installation of the SeaGen Tidal Turbine Device, Strangford Lough Nedwell, J., Brooker, A. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Noise Marine Mammals, Fish
Harbour Porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) Foraging Strategy at a High-Energy, Near-Shore Site in South-West Wales Pierpoint, C. Journal Article Marine Mammals
The Influence of 70 and 120 kHz Tonal Signals on the Behavior of Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in a Floating Pen Kastelein, R., Verboom, W., Jennings, N. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals
Differentiating Serious and Non-Serious Injury of Marine Mammals: Report of the Serious Injury Technical Workshop Andersen, M., Forney, K., Cole, T. Report Marine Mammals
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) static acoustic monitoring: laboratory detection thresholds of T-PODs are reflected in field sensitivity Kyhn, L., Tougaard, J., Teilmann, J. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Compatibility of Magnetic Imprinting and Secular Variation Putman, N., Lohmann, K. Journal Article EMF Fish, Demersal Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Underwater Radiated Noise Due to the Piling for the Q7 Offshore Wind Park de Jong, C., Ainslie, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Ocean Noise: Turn it down - A report on ocean noise pollution McKenna, C., International Fund for Animal Welfare Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
The Effects of Anthropogenic Sound on Marine Mammals Boyd, I., Brownell, B., Cato, D. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Methodologies for measuring and assessing potential changes in marine mammal behaviour, abundance or distribution arising from the construction, operation and decommissioning of offshore windfarms Diederichs, A., Nehls, G., Adler, S. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals
Implications for Marine Mammals of Large-Scale Changes in the Marine Acoustic Environment Tyack, P. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals
Underwater hearing sensitivity of harbour seals for tonal signals and noise bands Kastelein, R., Wensveen, P., Hoek, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Too loud to talk?: Do wind turbine-related sounds affect harbour seal communication? Lucke, K., Sundermeyer, J., Driver, J. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Harbour seals, Phoca vitulina, in relation to the wind farm site OWEZ, in the Netherlands: Interim report Brasseur, S., Reijnders, P., Meesters, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Gross and Histologic Evidence of Sharp and Blunt Trauma in North Atlantic Right Whales (Eubalaena glacialis) Killed by Vessels Campbell-Malone, R., Barco, S., Daoust, P. Journal Article Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Offshore Wind Farms and Marine Mammals: Impacts and Methodologies for Assessing Impacts Evans, P. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Did the Pile Driving during the Construction of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, Impact Porpoises? Leopold, M., Camphuysen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-Farms OSPAR Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part II: Harbour porpoises Diederichs, A., Hennig, V., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations Southall, B., Bowles, A., Ellison, W. Journal Article Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Statistical Modeling of North Atlantic Right Whale Migration along the Mid-Atlantic Region of the Eastern Seaboard of the United States Firestone, J., Lyons, S., Wang, C. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Seascapes of Fear: Evaluating Sublethal Predator Effects Experienced and Generated by Marine Mammals Wirsing, A., Heithaus, M., Frid, A. Journal Article Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Echolocation in Marine Mammals Au, W., Hastings, M. Book Chapter Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm: Seal Monitoring: Analysis of the 2006 post-construction aerial surveys and summary of the monitoring programme results from 2002-2006 Skeate, E., Perrow, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Marine Mammals
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