Birds

A broad term that applies to all species of birds.

Birds are a group of endothermic vertebrates characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong, lightweight skeleton. With approximately ten thousand species, birds rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, with more than half of those being passerines.

Collision with wind turbine blades can kill birds, though the impact of individual deaths on the greater population varies greatly based on species. Research continues to explore mitigation such as operation limitations, siting location, and lighting selection. Bird collisions with offshore wind turbines present an additional challenge of being unable to count bodies to determine the scale of mortality. Marine renewable energy devices likely pose little threat to diving birds colliding with tidal turbines, or birds colliding with floating wave energy devices. Birds are classified in the following categories:

Marine and Wind Energy Environmental Documents

Tethys is a knowledge hub that contains documents on the environmental effects of wind and marine energy. The table below contains all of the documents in the Tethys Knowledge Base associated with Birds.

Total: 2731

Searches title and abstract.
Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Landscape-scale distribution and density of raptor populations wintering in anthropogenic-dominated desert landscapes Duerr, A., Miller, T., Duerr, K. Journal Article Birds, Raptors
Investigating the Potential Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Developments on Seabirds Wade, H. Thesis Marine Energy Birds
Impacts of Wind Energy on Environment: A Review Wang, S., Wang, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Bats, Birds
Towards a Cumulative Collision Risk Assessment of Local and Migrating Birds in North Sea Offshore Wind Farms Brabant, R., Vanermen, N., Steinen, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Managing coexistence for bats and wind turbines Alvarez-Castaneda, T., Lidicker, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Assessing Seabird Displacement at Offshore Wind Farms: Power Ranges of a Monitoring and Data Handling Protocol Vanermen, N., Onkelinx, T., Verschelde, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Seabird Avoidance and Attraction at an Offshore Wind Farm in the Belgian Part of the North Sea Vanermen, N., Onkelinx, T., Courtens, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
NYSERDA Environmental Research Program Plan Research Area 4: Marine Wind and Wildlife New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Symbiotic Offshore Energy Harvesting and Storage Systems Slocum, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Wave, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Birds
Landscapes for Energy and Wildlife: Conservation Prioritization for Golden Eagles across Large Spatial Scales Tack, J., Fedy, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Monitoring and Researching Ecological Effects of Dutch Offshore Windfarms, Masterplan 2.0 and Appendix Arcadis Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Key Seabird Areas in Southern New England Identified Using a Community Occupancy Model Flanders, N., Gardner, B., Winiarski, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Confusion Reigns? A Review of Marine Megafauna Interactions with Tidal-Stream Environments Benjamins, S., Dale, A., Hastie, G. Book Chapter Tidal, Marine Energy Marine Mammals, Birds
Using Spatial Analyses of Bearded Vulture Movements in Southern Africa to Inform Wind Turbine Placement Reid, T., Kruger, S., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Evaluation of the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds: The Case Study of Lebanon Al Zohbi, G., Hendrick, P., Bouillard, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Consolidating the State of Knowledge: A Synoptical Review of Wind Energy's Wildlife Effects Schuster, E., Bulling, L., Köppel, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Marine Mammals, Birds, Bats
The visual fields of Common Guillemots (Uria aalge) and Atlantic Puffins (Fratercula arctica): foraging, vigilance and collision vulnerability Martin, G., Wanless, S. Journal Article Collision Birds, Seabirds
Post-Construction Avian and Bat Mortality Monitoring at the Alta Wind Energy Center, Phase X, Kern County, California. Final Report for the First Year of Operation: March 2014 – March 2015 Chatfield, A., Levenstein, K., DiDonato, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Environmental Monitoring Report for VolturnUS Deployment in Castine, ME Brady, D. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
ACME: A Partially Periodic Estimator of Avian & Chiropteran Mortality at Wind Turbines Wolpert, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
A Collision Risk Model to Predict Avian Fatalities at Wind Facilities: An Example Using Golden Eagles, Aquila chrysaetos New, L., Bjerre, M., Millsap, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Estimating Wind-Turbine Caused Bird and Bat Fatality when Zero Carcasses are Observed Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Dail, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Action on Multiple Fronts, Illegal Poisoning and Wind Farm Planning, is Required to Reverse the Decline of the Egyptian Vulture in Southern Spain Sanz-Aguilar, A., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Carrete, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
MR7.2.1 Collision Risk: A Brief Review of Available Information on Behaviour of Mammals and Birds in High Tidal Energy Areas Onoufriou, J., Thompson, D. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Marine Mammals, Birds
Bird Movements at Rotor Heights Measured Continuously with Vertical Radar at a Dutch Offshore Wind Farm Fijn, R., Krijgsveld, K., Poot, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Avoidance Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Game Birds do not Surrogate for Raptors in Trials to Calibrate Observed Raptor Collision Fatalities Urquhart, B., Hulka, S., Duffy, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
At-Sea Turnover of Breeding Seabirds - Final Report to Marine Scotland Science Searle, K., Butler, A., Mobbs, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Sage grouse war tests limits of partnership in West Lavelle, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Occurrence of peaks in songbird migration at rotor heights of offshore wind farms in the southern North Sea Krijgsveld, K., Fijn, R., Lensink, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Population Trend of the World’s Monitored Seabirds, 1950-2010 Paleczny, M., Hammill, E., Karpouzi, V. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Home in the heat: Dramatic seasonal variation in home range of desert golden eagles informs management for renewable energy development Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Seabird-Wind Farm Interactions During the Breeding Season Vary Within and Between Years: A Case Study of Lesser Black-Backed Gull Larus fuscus in the UK Thaxter, C., Ross-Smith, V., Bouten, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Repowering Smøla Wind-Power Plant: An Assessment of Avian Conflicts Dahl, E., May, R., Nygård, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Observation of Sandhill Cranes' (Grus canadensis) Flight Behavior in Heavy Fog Kirsch, E., Wellik, M., Suarez, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
A Review of Bird Strike Mortality at Irish Onshore Windfarms Fennelly, R. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Ecological Monitoring using Wildlife Detection Dogs: Bat Carcass Searches at the Wanlip Wind Turbine Stanhope, K. Magazine Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Mapping the vulnerability of animal community to pressure in marine systems: disentangling pressure types and integrating their impact from the individual to the community level Certain, G., Jorgensen, L.L., Christel, I. Journal Article Marine Energy Birds, Seabirds
Curtailing Wind Turbine Operations to Reduce Avian Mortality Singh, K., Baker, E., Lackner, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
2nd Iteration: Effect of turbine capacity on collision numbers for three large gull species, based on revised density data, when assessing cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on birds in the southern North Sea van der Wal, J., Fijn, R., Gyimesi, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
London Array Offshore Wind Farm Year 1 Post-Construction Monitoring Report MarineSpace Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Displaying 1481 - 1520 of 2731 results