Abstract
This study presents an integrated decision-support framework for evaluating circular economy strategies for end-of-life management in wind turbine generators (WTGs). The proposed framework combines economic, environmental, and circularity indicators to assess alternative pathways including repair, refurbishment, reuse, remanufacturing, recycling, and repowering. A circularity metric based on the 9R framework is developed to quantify the relative circular performance of different scenarios. Through scenario-based analysis, the framework evaluates the impacts of lifetime extension strategies on annual energy yield, greenhouse gas emissions savings, and economic performance. The results highlight the significant potential of second-hand WTG markets, particularly when turbines are relocated to sites with favourable wind conditions. The findings further demonstrate that increased circularity can simultaneously improve resource efficiency, reduce environmental impacts, and create additional economic value. The proposed framework provides a transparent and adaptable tool to support decision-making toward more sustainable and circular practices in the wind energy sector.