Management Measures Tool for Marine Energy

Accessing Management Measures that Support Deployment of Wave and Tidal Energy Devices

As the marine renewable energy (MRE) industry moves beyond deployment of individual wave and tidal energy devices towards arrays, certain risks of MRE devices on the marine environment are not well understood and have led to onerous monitoring requirements placed on device developers.

A workshop was held in May 2017 with researchers, regulators, and developers to create the basis for the tool shown below. In consultation with the research and regulatory communities, it was agreed that applying a set of robust management measures could act as safeguards for marine animals and habitats until available monitoring data allows for determining the level of risk from MRE devices. At that point, measures could be dialed back or removed, if warranted. More information on the workshop and input for the tool can be found here.

The Management Measures Tool for Marine Energy shows management (or mitigation) measures from past or current MRE projects as a reference to help manage potential risks from future projects and allow them to move forward in the face of uncertainty, or until a risk can be retired. Additional management measures are regularly added by the OES-Environmental team. In addition to the searchable tool below, the information can be downloaded here. The download file includes additional details not shown below, including comments from stakeholders on past experience, cost of management measures, and when a management measure is needed.

View the instructions document for more in-depth details and examples on how to use the Management Measure Tool for Marine Energy or check out this webinar for an overview and demonstration of the tool.

^{Last updated June 2024}

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Technology	Project Phase	Stressor	Receptor	Management Measure	Advantages	Challenges	Project Documents
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Benthic	Mitigation Where rock placement is used, ensure clean rock is used.	Reduces/removes risk of contamination/pollution from materials.	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Birds	Mitigation Where rock placement is used, ensure clean rock is used.	Reduces/removes risk of contamination/pollution from materials.	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Fish	Mitigation Where rock placement is used, ensure clean rock is used.	Reduces/removes risk of contamination/pollution from materials	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Habitat	Mitigation Where rock placement is used, ensure clean rock is used.	Reduces/removes risk of contamination/pollution from materials.	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Where rock placement is used, ensure clean rock is used.	Reduces/removes risk of contamination/pollution from materials	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Reptiles	Mitigation Where rock placement is used, ensure clean rock is used.	Reduces/removes risk of contamination/pollution from materials	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Birds Birds on water	Mitigation Vessel transit route: defining routes to avoid sensitive sites and to only disturb one route.	Reduces potential effects. Relatively low-cost measure. This is measurable and definable.	None identified	OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, DP Energy Ltd. 2013, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2020, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, SAE Renewables 2011, Aquatera 2017, Davison and Mallows 2005, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Brims Tidal Array, West Islay Tidal Project Energy Park, EMEC Scapa Flow Scale Wave Test Site, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Atlantis Resources Corporation at EMEC, Tocardo InToTidal at EMEC, Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen), Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Birds Birds on water	Mitigation Vessel speed limitation to and from site.	Reduces potential effects. Relatively low-cost measure.	None identified	SAE Renewables 2011, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Xodus Group 2019, AECOM 2009, Fox 2019, Atlantis Resources Corporation at EMEC, Brims Tidal Array, Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Test Site, Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC)
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Vessel speed limitation to and from site.	Reduces potential effects and is a relatively low cost measure.	None identified	Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, SAE Renewables 2011, AECOM 2009, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) 2014, Fox 2019, Oyster 800 at EMEC, Atlantis Resources Corporation at EMEC, Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Test Site, U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site (WETS)
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for oil spill incident resulting from the influence of unfavorable weather conditions.	Benthic	Mitigation Vessel activities to occur in suitable weather conditions.	Reduces the chance of oil spill to the environment.	None identified	MeyGen 2012, Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) 2014, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Oyster 800 at EMEC, Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC, U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site (WETS)
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for oil spill incident resulting from the influence of unfavorable weather conditions.	Fish	Mitigation Vessel activities to occur in suitable weather conditions.	Reduces the chance for oil spill to the environment.	None identified	MeyGen 2012, The Marine Institute 2016, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Galway Bay Test Site, Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for oil spill incident resulting from the influence of unfavorable weather conditions.	Habitat	Mitigation Vessel activities to occur in suitable weather conditions.	Reduces the chance for oil spill to the environment.	None identified	MeyGen 2012, The Marine Institute 2016, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Galway Bay Test Site, Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for oil spill incident resulting from the influence of unfavorable weather conditions.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Vessel activities to occur in suitable weather conditions.	Reduces the chance for oil spill to the environment.	None identified	MeyGen 2012, The Marine Institute 2016, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Galway Bay Test Site, Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Fish Elasmobranch, large fish	Mitigation Use smaller vessels for maintenance purposes.	Reduces potential effects and is a relatively low cost measure.	None identified	Aquatera Ltd 2011, Laminaria 2018, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Use smaller vessels for maintenance purposes.	Reduces potential effects and is a relatively low cost measure.	None identified	Aquatera Ltd 2011, Laminaria 2018, Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) 2014, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site, U.S. Navy Wave Energy Test Site (WETS)
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Decommissioning	Habitat Loss Direct loss of protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed communities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings or support structures on the seabed.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates, demersal fish	Mitigation Use of locally sourced materials, for cable protection, of the same type as the habitat to be disturbed by cable installation.	Minimize impact on biodiversity/ecosystem - lost seabed is replaced with same material and minimizes habitat loss.	None identified	Tidal Lagoon Power 2017, Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL)
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Decommissioning	Habitat Loss Direct loss of protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed communities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings or support structures on the seabed.	Fish Demersal fish	Mitigation Use of locally sourced materials, for cable protection, of the same type as the habitat to be disturbed by cable installation.	Minimizes habitat loss as lost seabed is replaced with same material. Minimize impact on biodiversity/ecosystem	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Decommissioning	Habitat Loss Direct loss of protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed communities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings or support structures on the seabed.	Habitat Benthic invertebrates, demersal fish	Mitigation Use of locally sourced materials, for cable protection, of the same type as the habitat to be disturbed by cable installation.	Minimizes habitat loss as lost seabed is replaced with same material.	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on sensitive species.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates	Design feature Use of 3-phase cables instead of DC cables.	Reduce the level of EMF to surrounding water column and therefore any potential effects.	Potential commercial and technical feasibility issues. Uncertainty around the need for and efficacy of this measure.	Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Ramsey Sound
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from landfall cables on sensitive species.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates	Design feature Use of 3-phase cables instead of DC cables.	None identified	None identified	Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Ramsey Sound
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from landfall cables on sensitive species.	Fish Demersal fish	Design feature Use of 3-phase cables instead of DC cables.	None identified	None identified	Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Ramsey Sound
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on sensitive species.	Fish Migratory fish	Design feature Use of 3-phase cables instead of DC cables.	Reduce the level of EMF to surrounding water column and therefore any potential effects	Potential commercial and technical feasibility issues - the cables used will largely depend upon the project requirements. Some uncertainty as to the efficacy of this measure.
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on sensitive species.	Fish Elasmobranchs	Design feature Use of 3-phase cables instead of DC cables.	Reduce the level of EMF to surrounding water column and therefore any potential effects.	Potential commercial and technical feasibility issues. Some uncertainty as to the efficacy of this measure.	Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Ramsey Sound
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on sensitive species.	Habitat Benthic invertebrates	Design feature Use of 3-phase cables instead of DC cables.	Reduce the level of EMF to surrounding water column and therefore any potential effects.	Potential commercial and technical feasibility issues. Uncertainty around the need for and efficacy of this measure.	Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Fox 2019, Ramsey Sound
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Benthic	Mitigation Timing of installation and decommissioning & marine operations to avoid times of particular sensitivity (e.g., breeding).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding works during sensitive times.	Can be disruptive and hence costly to developer.	OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Aquatera Ltd 2011, Foubister 2005, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, McGrath 2013, Orbital Marine Power 2014, The Marine Institute 2016, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, THETIS Energy 2009, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Brims Tidal Array, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Fair Head Tidal Array, Galway Bay Test Site, PacWave South Test Site, Torr Head Project, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Timing of installation and decommissioning & marine operations to avoid times of particular sensitivity (e.g., breeding).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding works during sensitive times.	Can be disruptive and hence costly to developer.	OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Aquatera Ltd 2011, Foubister 2005, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, McGrath 2013, Orbital Marine Power 2014, The Marine Institute 2016, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, THETIS Energy 2009, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Brims Tidal Array, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Fair Head Tidal Array, Galway Bay Test Site, PacWave South Test Site, Torr Head Project, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Reptiles	Mitigation Timing of installation and decommissioning & marine operations to avoid times of particular sensitivity (e.g., breeding).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding works during sensitive times.	Can be disruptive and hence costly to developer.
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Birds	Mitigation Timing of installation and decommissioning & marine operations to avoid times of particular sensitivity (e.g. breeding).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding works during sensitive times.	Can be disruptive to installation/decommissioning and hence costly to developer.	OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Aquatera Ltd 2011, Foubister 2005, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, McGrath 2013, Orbital Marine Power 2014, The Marine Institute 2016, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, THETIS Energy 2009, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Brims Tidal Array, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Fair Head Tidal Array, Galway Bay Test Site, PacWave South Test Site, Torr Head Project, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Fish	Mitigation Timing of installation and decommissioning & marine operations to avoid times of particular sensitivity (e.g. breeding).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding works during sensitive times.	Can be disruptive and hence costly to developer.	OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Aquatera Ltd 2011, Foubister 2005, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, McGrath 2013, Orbital Marine Power 2014, The Marine Institute 2016, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, THETIS Energy 2009, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Brims Tidal Array, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Fair Head Tidal Array, Galway Bay Test Site, PacWave South Test Site, Torr Head Project, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Habitat	Mitigation Timing of installation and decommissioning & marine operations to avoid times of particular sensitivity (e.g. breeding).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding works during sensitive times	Can be disruptive and hence costly to developer	OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Aquatera Ltd 2011, Foubister 2005, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, McGrath 2013, Orbital Marine Power 2014, The Marine Institute 2016, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, THETIS Energy 2009, Fox 2019, Brims Tidal Array, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Fair Head Tidal Array, Galway Bay Test Site, PacWave South Test Site, Torr Head Project
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Habitat Creation The introduction of infrastructure and artificial substrates may generate additional habitat diversity.	Benthic Benthic species	Monitoring Structure colonization and biofouling surveys.	Informs understanding of potential for increased prey availability and ecological diversity.	Cost associated with monitoring.	Magallanes Renovables 2020, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Habitat Creation The introduction of infrastructure and artificial substrates may generate additional habitat diversity.	Habitat Benthic species	Monitoring Structure colonization and biofouling surveys.	Informs understanding of potential for increased prey availability and ecological diversity.	Cost associated with monitoring.	Craig 2008, Fox 2019, OpenHydro Alderney
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from landfall cables on sensitive species.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates	Design feature Strategic use of rock placement/other cable protection.	None identified	None identified	Orbital Marine Power 2010, MeyGen 2012, DP Energy Ltd. 2017, ScottishPower Renewables 2010, DP Energy Ltd. 2013, Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC, Westray South Tidal Project, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, West Islay Tidal Project Energy Park
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	EMF Impacts of electromagnetic fields from landfall cables on sensitive species.	Fish Demersal fish	Design feature Strategic use of rock placement/other cable protection.	None identified	None identified	Foubister 2005, Orbital Marine Power 2010, MeyGen 2012, ScottishPower Renewables 2010, DP Energy Ltd. 2013, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, West Islay Tidal Project Energy Park, PacWave South Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Marine Non-Native Species (MNNS) Potential for introduction of MNNS which can have an adverse impact on the native species at the site.	Benthic	Mitigation Source vessels locally.	Reduce/remove risk of transfer and settlement of non-native species.	None identified	MeyGen 2012, McPherson 2015, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Nova Innovation - Shetland Tidal Array, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Oyster 800 at EMEC, Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Marine Non-Native Species (MNNS) Potential for introduction of MNNS which can have an adverse impact on the native species at the site.	Birds	Mitigation Source vessels locally.	Reduce/remove risk of transfer and settlement of non-native species.	None identified	McPherson 2015, Nova Innovation - Shetland Tidal Array, Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Marine Non-Native Species (MNNS) Potential for introduction of MNNS which can have an adverse impact on the native species at the site.	Fish	Mitigation Source vessels locally.	Reduce/remove risk of transfer and settlement of non-native species.	None identified	McPherson 2015, Nova Innovation - Shetland Tidal Array, Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Marine Non-Native Species (MNNS) Potential for introduction of MNNS which can have an adverse impact on the native species at the site.	Habitat	Mitigation Source vessels locally.	Reduce/remove risk of transfer and settlement of non-native species.	None identified	Orbital Marine Power 2018, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC, Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Marine Non-Native Species (MNNS) Potential for introduction of MNNS which can have an adverse impact on the native species at the site.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Source vessels locally.	Reduce/remove risk of transfer and settlement of non-native species.	None identified	Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, PacWave South Test Site, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC, Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Marine Non-Native Species (MNNS) Potential for introduction of MNNS which can have an adverse impact on the native species at the site.	Reptiles	Mitigation Source vessels locally.	Reduce/remove risk of transfer and settlement of non-native species.	None identified	Mocean Wave Energy Converter: Blue Horizon
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Benthic	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.		ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Birds	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow Modifications to prey distribution and abundance (to include for other receptors) resulting in changes to foraging behavior.	Birds Diving birds	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	Argyll Tidal Limited 2013, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Fish	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow Modifications to prey distribution and abundance (to include for other receptors) resulting in changes to foraging behavior.	Fish	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Habitat	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Marine Mammals	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow Modifications to prey distribution and abundance (to include for other receptors) resulting in changes to foraging behaviour.	Marine Mammals	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Reptiles	Design feature Site selection.	Minimizes significance of interaction.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Benthic	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive routes/areas.	Minimizes risk of development acting as a barrier to movement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	Argyll Tidal Limited 2013, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Fox 2019, Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, Brims Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Birds	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive routes/areas.	Minimizes risk of development acting as a barrier to movement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	Argyll Tidal Limited 2013, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, Brims Tidal Array, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Fish	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive routes/areas.	Minimizes risk of development acting as a barrier to movement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Habitat	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive routes/areas.	Minimizes risk of development acting as a barrier to movement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array, Brims Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Marine Mammals	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive routes/areas.	Minimizes risk of development acting as a barrier to movement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Reptiles	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive routes/areas.	Minimizes risk of development acting as a barrier to movement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Decommissioning	Habitat Loss Direct loss of protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed communities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings or support structures on the seabed.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates, demersal fish	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive or protected sub-littoral seabed communities.	This could reduce/remove effects on sensitive habitats.	None identified	Orbital Marine Power 2014, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array, Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre (PTEC)
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Decommissioning	Habitat Loss Direct loss of protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed communities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings or support structures on the seabed.	Fish Demersal fish	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive or protected sub-littoral seabed communities.	Could reduce/remove effects on sensitive habitats.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Decommissioning	Habitat Loss Direct loss of protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed communities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings or support structures on the seabed.	Habitat Benthic invertebrates, demersal fish	Design feature Site selection to avoid sensitive or protected sub-littoral seabed communities.	Could reduce/remove effects on sensitive habitats.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array, Brims Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Benthic	Design feature Site selection (taking into account cumulative impact of other developments).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Birds	Design feature Site selection (taking into account cumulative impact of other developments).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	Argyll Tidal Limited 2013, Orbital Marine Power 2014, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Fish	Design feature Site selection (taking into account cumulative impact of other developments).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Habitat	Design feature Site selection (taking into account cumulative impact of other developments).	Minimizes s risk of development causing displacement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	Minesto 2016, SSE Renewables 2011, Aquatera 2011, Fox 2019, Minesto Holyhead Deep - Non-grid connected DG500, Westray South Tidal Project, Farr Point Wave Array - Phase 1
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Marine Mammals	Design feature Site selection (taking into account cumulative impact of other developments).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified	ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Reptiles	Design feature Site selection (taking into account cumulative impact of other developments).	Minimizes risk of development causing displacement by avoiding migratory routes or other important sites.	None identified
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Collision risk Potential for collision with turbine blades.	Birds Diving birds	Mitigation Selective structural and blade coatings (e.g., colors to aide detection.	Unknown - it is possible that this will aid detection of subsea structures and help reduce risk.	This could result in 'attraction', increasing risk of collision Uncertainty around how animals use visual cues. Other sensory organs are often more important for fish & seals Use of such measures may be limited to conform with IALA standards	Xodus Group 2019, EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Collision risk Potential for collision with turbine blades.	Fish	Mitigation Selective structural and blade coatings (e.g., colors to aide detection).	Unknown implications, but possible that it will aid detection of subsea structures and help reduce risk. Minimal one-off cost that can be easily planned for at the design stage.	Unknown and further research is needed. This could result in 'attraction', increasing risk of collision. Uncertainty around how animals use visual cues. Other sensory organs are often more important for fish. ...Read more Unknown and further research is needed. This could result in 'attraction', increasing risk of collision. Uncertainty around how animals use visual cues. Other sensory organs are often more important for fish. Use of such measures may be limited to conform with IALA standards. Read less	Xodus Group 2019, EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Collision risk Potential for collision with turbine blades.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Selective structural and blade coatings (e.g., colors to aide detection).	Possible that this will aid detection of subsea structures and help reduce risk. Can be captured in early project design for a small one-off cost.	Could result in 'attraction', increasing risk of collision. Uncertainty around how animals use visual cues, further research needed. Other sensory organs are often more important for seals. Use of such measures may be limited to conform with IALA standards.	Xodus Group 2019, EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entanglement Potential for marine animals to become entangled in device mooring lines and cables.	Birds Diving birds	Monitoring, Design feature Routine inspections of mooring lines. Implement features into existing control systems to detect entanglement events.	Remove/reduce risk of entanglement. Likely to be required as part of the technical monitoring of the device and therefore not likely an additional cost.	Potential cost of measure for technology developers if not required as part of technical monitoring of the device.	Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, PacWave South Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entanglement Potential for marine animals to become entangled in device mooring lines and cables.	Fish Elasmobranch, large fish	Design feature, Monitoring Routine inspections of mooring lines. Implement features into existing control systems to detect entanglement events.	Remove/reduce risk of entanglement. Likely to be required as part of the technical monitoring of the device and therefore not an additional cost	Could be a costly measure for technology developers if not required as part of technical monitoring of device.	Argyll Tidal Limited 2013, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2014, Xodus Group 2019, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site, PacWave South Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entanglement Potential for marine animals to become entangled in device mooring lines and cables.	Marine Mammals Cetaceans	Design feature, Monitoring Routine inspections of mooring lines. Implement features into existing control systems to detect entanglement events.	Remove/reduce risk of entanglement. Likely to be required as part of the technical monitoring of the device and therefore not an additional cost.	Could be a costly measure for technology developers if not required as part of technical monitoring of device.	Argyll Tidal Limited 2013, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Argyll Tidal Demonstrator Project, PacWave South Test Site, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entanglement Potential for marine animals to become entangled in device mooring lines and cables.	Reptiles Sea turtles	Design feature, Monitoring Routine inspections of mooring lines. Implement features into existing control systems to detect entanglement events.	Remove/reduce risk of entanglement. Likely to be required as part of the technical monitoring of the device and therefore not an additional cost.	Could be a costly measure for technology developers if not required as part of technical monitoring of device.
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Release entrapped animal.	None identified	Animal may be deceased before they are able to be released.	Tidal Lagoon Power 2017, Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL)
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Reptiles	Mitigation Release entrapped animal.	None identified	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Benthic	Mitigation Regular ROV/drop down camera surveys to establish occurrence of entrapment	Early detection of entrapment.	Additional cost.	Foubister 2005, Orbital Marine Power 2010, Fox 2019, Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Regular ROV/drop down camera surveys to establish occurrence of entrapment	Early detection of entrapment .	Additional cost.	Foubister 2005, Orbital Marine Power 2010, McPherson 2015, Project Management Support Services 2006, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Fox 2019, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC, Nova Innovation - Canada Tidal Array, Anglesey Skerries Tidal Stream Array, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Reptiles	Mitigation Regular ROV/drop down camera surveys to establish occurrence of entrapment	Early detection of entrapment.	Additional cost.
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Birds	Mitigation Regular ROV/drop down camera surveys to establish occurrence of entrapment.	Early detection of entrapment.	Additional cost.	Foubister 2005, Orbital Marine Power 2010, McPherson 2015, Fox 2019, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC, Nova Innovation - Canada Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Entrapment Potential risk of entrapment within device chambers and mooring arrays.	Fish	Mitigation Regular ROV/drop down camera surveys to establish occurrence of entrapment.	Early detection of entrapment.	Additional cost.	Foubister 2005, Orbital Marine Power 2010, McPherson 2015, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Fox 2019, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Orbital Marine Power SR250 at EMEC, Nova Innovation - Canada Tidal Array, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Fish Elasmobranch, large fish	Mitigation Reduce speed and maintain steady course when animal is sighted.	Reduces potential effects and is a relatively low cost measure.	None identified	Aquatera Ltd 2011, Magallanes Renovables 2020, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2020, SSE Renewables 2011, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Royal Haskoning 2012, Aquatera 2017, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, Wello Penguin at EMEC, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, EMEC Scapa Flow Scale Wave Test Site, Westray South Tidal Project, Oyster 800 at EMEC, Tocardo InToTidal at EMEC, PacWave South Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Vessel disturbance Potential for disturbance from project vessels.	Marine Mammals	Mitigation Reduce speed and maintain steady course when animal is sighted.	Reduces potential effects and is a relatively low cost measure.	None identified	Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, Xodus AURORA 2010, Aquatera Ltd 2011, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2020, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Royal Haskoning 2012, Aquatera 2017, Tidal Lagoon Power 2017, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Oyster 800 at EMEC, HS1000 at EMEC, Wello Penguin at EMEC, EMEC Scapa Flow Scale Wave Test Site, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Oyster 800 at EMEC, Tocardo InToTidal at EMEC, Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL), PacWave South Test Site, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Collision risk Potential for collision with turbine blades.	Birds Diving birds	Mitigation Reduce maximum blade tip speed.	Could reduce the likelihood or consequence of potential collision events.	Potential impacts on power production. Control mechanism of turbine blade speed unclear. May cause increased fatigue.
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Collision risk Potential for collision with turbine blades.	Birds Diving birds	Mitigation Reduce maximum blade tip speed.	Could reduce the likelihood/consequence of potential collision events.	Potential impacts on power production. Control mechanism of turbine blade speed unclear. May cause increased fatigue.
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Collision risk Potential for collision with turbine blades.	Marine Mammals Diving birds	Mitigation Reduce maximum blade tip speed.	Could reduce the likelihood/consequence of potential collision events.	Potential impacts on power production. Control mechanism of turbine blade speed unclear. May cause increased fatigue.
Wave, Tidal	Installation	Habitat Loss Loss of intertidal habitat from trenching for cable landfall.	Habitat Intertidal ecology	Design feature Pre-construction cable route surveys to avoid sensitive habitats.	None identified	None identified	Orbital Marine Power 2014, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Brims Tidal Array, Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects (siltation changes or smothering) on protected or sensitive littoral habitat due to changes in tidal flow around devices and associated moorings, support structures, or landfall cables.	Habitat Benthic invertebrates	Monitoring Pre and post installation monitoring of sensitive benthic communities, based on visual surveys.	Reduce scientific uncertainty.	Interpretation of data for statistical purposes may not have power to detect change generated by impact. May require correlation with detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics studies and physical flow measurements.	Orbital Marine Power 2014, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2011, Davison and Mallows 2005, ScottishPower Renewables 2010, The Marine Institute 2016, Orbital Marine Power 2018, EMEC Shapinsay Sound Scale Tidal Test Site, Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen), Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, Galway Bay Test Site, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow The potential wider or secondary effects on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to removal or alteration of energy flow arising from devices and moorings or support structures.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates	Monitoring Pre and post installation monitoring of sensitive benthic communities, based on diver, drop down, static visual surveys (camera), or grab sampling.	Reduce scientific uncertainty.	Interpretation of data for statistical purposes may not have power to detect change generated by impact. May require correlation with detailed Computational Fluid Dynamics studies and physical flow measurements.	SAE Renewables 2011, Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Foubister 2005, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2010, Davison and Mallows 2005, Laminaria 2018, Royal Haskoning 2012, The Marine Institute 2016, Royal Haskoning 2019, Orbital Marine Power 2018, Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, Atlantis Resources Corporation at EMEC, Ramsey Sound, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, EMEC Shapinsay Sound Scale Tidal Test Site, Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen), EMEC Billia Croo Grid-Connected Wave Test Site, North West Lewis Wave Array, Galway Bay Test Site, Morlais Tidal Demonstration Zone, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC, Oyster 800 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Benthic	Design feature Physical Containment systems including bulk heads, closed circuit systems, pressure relief systems.	Reduces risk of contamination/pollution escaping from structure.	None identified	Foubister 2005, MeyGen 2012, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2011, Tidal Lagoon Power 2017, The Marine Institute 2016, Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS), Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon (SBTL), Galway Bay Test Site, Oyster 800 at EMEC
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Birds	Design feature Physical containment systems including bulk heads, closed circuit systems, pressure relief systems.	Reduces risk of contamination/pollution escaping from structure.	None identified	Foubister 2005, MeyGen 2012, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2011, The Marine Institute 2016, THETIS Energy 2009, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS), Galway Bay Test Site, Torr Head Project
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Fish	Design feature Physical Containment systems including bulk heads, closed circuit systems, pressure relief systems.	Reduces risk of contamination/pollution escaping from structure.	None identified	Foubister 2005, MeyGen 2012, DP Energy Ltd. 2013, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2011, The Marine Institute 2016, THETIS Energy 2009, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, West Islay Tidal Project Energy Park, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS), Galway Bay Test Site, Torr Head Project
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Habitat	Design feature Physical containment systems including bulk heads, closed circuit systems, pressure relief systems.	Reduces risk of contamination/pollution escaping from structure.	None identified	Foubister 2005, MeyGen 2012, South West of England Regional Development Agency (SWDRA) 2006, Magallanes Renovables 2020, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2011, The Marine Institute 2016, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Magallanes Renovables ATIR at EMEC, Galway Bay Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Marine Mammals	Design feature Physical Containment systems including bulk heads, closed circuit systems, pressure relief systems.	Reduces risk of contamination/pollution escaping from structure.	None identified	Foubister 2005, MeyGen 2012, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2011, The Marine Institute 2016, THETIS Energy 2009, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS), Galway Bay Test Site, Torr Head Project
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Contamination Potential for accidental or unplanned events which could lead to contamination of the marine environment.	Reptiles	Design feature Physical Containment systems including bulk heads, closed circuit systems, pressure relief systems.	Reduces risk of contamination/pollution escaping from structure.	None identified	Foubister 2005, MeyGen 2012, Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) 2011, The Marine Institute 2016, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Atlantic Marine Energy Test Site (AMETS), Galway Bay Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in sediment dynamics The potential wider or secondary effects (siltation changes or smothering) on protected or sensitive littoral habitat due to devices and associated moorings, support structures, or landfall cables.	Habitat Benthic species	Monitoring Periodic visual monitoring through the use of divers, drop down video, or intertidal shore surveys.	Help reduce uncertainty. Generation of data to quantify level and spatial extent of effect.	Technical and Health and Safety risks associated with periodic monitoring operation in close vicinity of infrastructure. Power shut down potential. Subsea static monitoring options require O&M.	GlaxoSmithKlineMontrose 2012, Xodus AURORA 2010, Davison and Mallows 2005, GSK Montrose Tidal Array, HS1000 at EMEC, Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen)
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in sediment dynamics The potential wider or secondary effects (siltation changes or smothering) on protected or sensitive sub-littoral seabed due to scour or siltation around devices and associated moorings, support structures and export cables.	Benthic Benthic invertebrates, demersal fish	Monitoring Periodic visual monitoring through the use of divers or drop down video, static cameras / remote sensing techniques, benthic grab surveys, geophysical survey to identify scour pits, turbidity measurements.	Generation of data to quantify level and spatial extent of effect.	Technical and health and safety risks associated with periodic monitoring operation in close vicinity of infrastructure. May require power shut down measure. Subsea static monitoring options require O&M which may have time and cost implications.	Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, OpenHydro and SSE Renewables 2013, Foubister 2005, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2010, Davison and Mallows 2005, SSE Renewables 2011, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) 2020, Xodus Group 2012, AECOM 2009, Ramsey Sound, Brims Tidal Array, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, EMEC Shapinsay Sound Scale Tidal Test Site, Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen), Westray South Tidal Project, PacWave South Test Site, Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Test Site
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow Modifications to tidal flows affect prey distribution and abundance resulting in changes to foraging behavior.	Birds Diving birds	Monitoring Observational surveys (including remote sensing) of species (prey availability linked to benthic community).	Reduce scientific uncertainty.	Statistical power of studies can be low. Can be difficult to distinguish between natural variation and direct effects of energy removal from the system.	Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, Craig 2008, Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Xodus AURORA 2010, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2014, Royal Haskoning and Sea Generation (Kyle Rhea) Ltd. 2013, SSE Renewables 2011, Xodus Group 2012, MeyGen 2012, Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Xodus Group 2012, Oyster 800 at EMEC, OpenHydro Alderney, Ramsey Sound, HS1000 at EMEC, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Project, Westray South Tidal Project, Costa Head Wave Farm, MeyGen Tidal Energy Project, Pelamis Wave Power P2 Demonstration at EMEC
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow Modifications to tidal flows affect prey distribution and abundance resulting in changes to foraging behavior.	Fish	Monitoring Observational surveys (including remote sensing) of species (prey availability linked to benthic community).	Reduce scientific uncertainty.	Statistical power of studies can be low. Can be difficult to distinguish between natural variation and direct effects of energy removal from the system.	Foubister 2005, ScottishPower Renewables 2012, Fox 2019, EMEC Fall of Warness Grid-Connected Tidal Test Site, Ness of Duncansby Tidal Array
Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Changes in water flow Modifications to prey distribution and abundance (to include for other receptors) resulting in changes to foraging behaviour.	Marine Mammals	Monitoring Observational surveys (including remote sensing) of bird and marine mammals (prey availability linked to benthic community).	Reduces scientific uncertainty.	Statistical power of studies can be low. Can be difficult to distinguish between natural variation and direct effects of energy removal from the system. Monitoring may be expensive.	Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, GlaxoSmithKlineMontrose 2012, Orbital Marine Power 2014, Tidal Energy Ltd 2008, Xodus AURORA 2010, European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) 2011, Davison and Mallows 2005, McGrath 2013, Xodus Group 2012, Orbital Marine Power 2018, AECOM 2009, Oyster 800 at EMEC, GSK Montrose Tidal Array, Ramsey Sound, HS1000 at EMEC, EMEC Shapinsay Sound Scale Tidal Test Site, Strangford Lough - MCT (SeaGen), Fair Head Tidal Array, Orbital Marine Power O2 at EMEC, Fundy Ocean Research Center for Energy (FORCE) Test Site
Wave, Tidal	Operation & Maintenance	Displacement Potential displacement of essential activities due to the presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures.	Fish Elasmobranch, large fish	None identified None identified.	None identified	None identified
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Marine Mammals	Monitoring Monitoring of existing developments.	Reduces scientific uncertainty.	Can be complex and costly.	Aquamarine Power Ltd 2011, GlaxoSmithKlineMontrose 2012, Orbital Marine Power 2014, Fox 2019, Oyster 800 at EMEC, GSK Montrose Tidal Array
Wave, Tidal	Installation, Operation & Maintenance, Decommissioning	Barrier to movement Potential barrier to movement due to the physical presence of devices and associated moorings/support structures, cables and electrical equipment.	Reptiles	Monitoring Monitoring of existing developments.	Reduces scientific uncertainty.	Can be complex and costly.