Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Proceedings of the Wind Energy and Birds/Bats Workshop: Understanding and Resolving Bird and Bat Impacts Schwartz, S. Workshop Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Windfarm Impacts on Blanket Peat Habitats in Scotland Dargie, T. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Baseline Avian Studies Mount Storm Wind Power Project, Grant County, West Virginia Young, D. Jr., Strickland, D., Erickson, W., Bay, K., Canterbury, R., Mabee, T., Cooper, B., Plissner, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Shorebirds
WT-Bird: A Low Cost Solution for Detecting Bird Collisions Verhoef, J., Eecen, P., Nijdam, R., Korterink, H., Scholtens, H. Report Wind Energy Birds
Towards Standardised Seabirds at Sea Census Techniques in Connection with Environmental Impact Assessments for Offshore Wind Farms in the UK Camphuysen, K., Fox, A., Leopold, M., Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Does the Wind Power Industry Threaten Marbled Murrelets or Do Marbled Murrelets Threaten the Wind Power Industry? Cooper, J., Beauchesne, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Bouw en exploitatie van een windmolenpark op de Thorntonbank in de Noordzee: Milieueffectenbeoordeling van het project ingediend door de n.v. C-Power Management Unit of the North Sea Mathematical Models (MUMM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy
A Radar Study of Nocturnal Bird Migration at the Proposed Mount Storm Wind Power Development, West Virginia, Fall 2003 Mabee, T., Cooper, B., Plissner, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines
Avian mortality associated with the Top of Iowa Wind Farm: Progress Report, Calendar Year 2003 Koford, R., Jain, A., Zenner, G., Hancock, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Study of Bird and Bat Collision Fatalities at the Mountaineer Wind Energy Center, Tucker County, West Virginia: Annual Report for 2003 Kerns, J., Kerlinger, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Behavioural and Environmental Correlates of Soaring-Bird Mortality at On-Shore Wind Turbines Barrios, L., Rodríguez, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
The Effects of a Wind Farm on Birds in a Migration Point: The Strait of Gibraltar de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance Birds
Session: Development and application of guidelines for siting, constructing, operating and monitoring wind turbines Manville, A., Hueckel, G. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Visual and Radar Observations of Birds in Relation to Collision Risk at the Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm Christensen, T., Hounisen, J., Clausager, I., Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Baseline Studies North Sea Wind Farms: Lot 5 Marine Birds in and Around the Future Sites Nearshore Windfarm (NSW) and Q7 Leopold, M., Camphuysen, K., ter Braak, C., Dijkman, E., Kersting, K., van Lieshout, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources and Sustainable Management of the Territory: Wind Farms in Regione Liguria Solari, P., Minervini, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Investigations of Birds During Construction and Operation of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand Kahlert, J., Petersen, I., Fox, A., Desholm, M., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
The remote monitoring of offshore avian movement using bird detection radar at Spurn Head, East Yorkshire Walls, R., Brown, M., Budgey, R., Parnell, M., Thorpe, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Developing Methods To Reduce Bird Mortality In The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Best Practice Guidance for the Use of Remote Techniques for Observing Bird Behaviour in Relation to Offshore Wind Farms Desholm, M., Fox, A., Beasley, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Birds and Windfarms - Critical Analysis of 4 Reports on Bird Mortality at Windfarm Sites Durchamp, M. Website Wind Energy Birds
Wind Turbines and Bats - A Pilot Study Ahlén, I. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Attraction Passerines, Birds, Bats
Report to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory on Southwest Alaska Small Wind Wildlife Site Investigations at Kodiak Island and Bristol Bay October 3-10, 2003 Sharp, L., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Bird Risk Behaviors and Fatalities at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Period of Performance: March 1998 - December 2000 Thelander, C., Smallwood, K., Rugge, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Exhibition Place Wind Turbine Report on Bird Monitoring in 2003 James, R., Coady, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Birds and Wind Farms in Ireland: A Review of Potential Issues and Impact Assessment Percival, S. Report Wind Energy Birds
Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report: September 2002 - August 2003 Erickson, W., Kronner, K., Gritski, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds, Bats
Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report Erickson, W., Kronner, K., Gritski, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Cumulative Impacts Analysis for Avian and Other Wildlife Resources from Proposed Wind Projects in Kittitas County, Washington Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Terrestrial Mammals
Windfarms and Birds: An Analysis of the Effects of Windfarms on Birds, and Guidance on Environmental Assessment Criteria and Site Selection Issues Langston, R., Pullan, J. Report Wind Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A Vehicle-Mounted Radar for Dual-Purpose Monitoring of Birds Harmata, A., Leighty, G., O'Neil, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York, Fall 2004 Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Base-Line Investigations of Birds in Relation to an Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand: Results and Conclusions, 2002 Desholm, M., Kahlert, J., Petersen, I., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Bird Observations at the Pickering Wind Turbine James, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Minimization of Motion Smear: Reducing Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: Period of Performance: July 12, 1999 - August 31, 2002 Hodos, W. Report Wind Energy Collision Raptors, Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Searsburg/Readsboro Expansion Wind Project, Bennington County, Vermont Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Passerines, Birds
Influence of offshore windmills on migration birds in southeast coast of Sweden Pettersson, J., Stalin, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Annual Report: Results for the Period July 2001 - December 2002 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Kronner, K., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Hopkins Ridge Wind Project, Columbia County, Washington: Final Report Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Bay, K., Jeffrey, J., Lack, B., Good, R., Sawyer, H. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Environmental Assessment: Wind Energy Center Edgeley/Kulm Project North Dakota Western Area Power Administration (WAPA) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
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