Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

European Migratory Soaring Birds Short Science Summary

Title	Author	Date Sort ascending	Content Type	Technology	Stressor	Receptor
Birds and Wind Farms in Ireland: A Review of Potential Issues and Impact Assessment	Percival, S.	December 2003	Report	Wind Energy		Birds
Bird Risk Behaviors and Fatalities at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Period of Performance: March 1998 - December 2000	Thelander, C., Smallwood, K., Rugge, L.	December 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision, Avoidance, Attraction	Raptors, Birds
Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report	Erickson, W., Kronner, K., Gritski, B.	October 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Bats, Birds
Nine Canyon Wind Power Project Avian and Bat Monitoring Report: September 2002 - August 2003	Erickson, W., Kronner, K., Gritski, B.	October 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds, Bats
Cumulative Impacts Analysis for Avian and Other Wildlife Resources from Proposed Wind Projects in Kittitas County, Washington	Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W.	October 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds, Raptors, Terrestrial Mammals
A Vehicle-Mounted Radar for Dual-Purpose Monitoring of Birds	Harmata, A., Leighty, G., O'Neil, E.	September 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Birds
Windfarms and Birds: An Analysis of the Effects of Windfarms on Birds, and Guidance on Environmental Assessment Criteria and Site Selection Issues	Langston, R., Pullan, J.	September 2003	Report	Wind Energy		Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Breeding Bird Survey for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York, Fall 2004	Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J.	September 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds
Base-Line Investigations of Birds in Relation to an Offshore Wind Farm at Rødsand: Results and Conclusions, 2002	Desholm, M., Kahlert, J., Petersen, I., Clausager, I.	September 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind	Avoidance	Birds
Minimization of Motion Smear: Reducing Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: Period of Performance: July 12, 1999 - August 31, 2002	Hodos, W.	August 2003	Report	Wind Energy	Collision	Raptors, Birds
Bird Observations at the Pickering Wind Turbine	James, R.	August 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds
Breeding Bird Survey for the Searsburg/Readsboro Expansion Wind Project, Bennington County, Vermont	Kerlinger, P., Dowdell, J.	August 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Passerines, Birds
Influence of offshore windmills on migration birds in southeast coast of Sweden	Pettersson, J., Stalin, T.	June 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind		Birds, Seabirds
Stateline Wind Project Wildlife Monitoring Annual Report: Results for the Period July 2001 - December 2002	Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Kronner, K., Bay, K.	May 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds, Bats
Shades of Green: A Bird's Eye View of Wind Energy	Whittam, B., Kingsley, A.	April 2003	Magazine Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds
Birds and Offshore Wind Farms: A Hot Topic in Marine Ecology	Exo, K., Hüppop, O., Garthe, S.	April 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind	Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change	Birds, Seabirds
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Hopkins Ridge Wind Project, Columbia County, Washington: Final Report	Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Bay, K., Jeffrey, J., Lack, B., Good, R., Sawyer, H.	April 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Environmental Assessment: Wind Energy Center Edgeley/Kulm Project North Dakota	Western Area Power Administration (WAPA)	April 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Addendum to the Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Flat Rock Wind Power Project, Lewis County, New York: Phase One and Phase Two	Kerlinger, P.	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds
Avian Interactions with Wind Power Structures	Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy		Birds
Two White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Collide with Wind Generators in Northern Germany	Krone, O., Scharnweber, C.	March 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds, Raptors
Phase I Avian Risk Assessment for the Windmar Project, Guyanilla, Puerto Rico	Kerlinger, P.	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds
Avian and Sensitive Species Baseline Study Final Report: Eurus Combine Hills Turbine Ranch Umatilla County, Oregon	Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Bay, K., Good, R., Lack, B.	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds, Raptors
Effects of offshore wind farms on birds: "Cuisinarts of the sky" or just tilting at windmills?	Tingley, M.	March 2003	Thesis	Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind	Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction	Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Collision Potential of Eiders and Other Birds Near a Proposed Windfarm at St. Lawrence Island, October-November 2002	Day, R., Rose, J., Ritchie, R., Shook, J., Cooper, B.	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Waterfowl, Shorebirds, Seabirds, Raptors, Birds
Avian and Bat Mortality During the First Year of Operation at the Klondike Phase I Wind Project, Sherman County, Oregon	Johnson, G., Erickson, W., White, J., McKinney, R.	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Bats, Birds
Musselroe Wind Farm Project Summary	Ellis, M.	March 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds
Offshore Wind Energy in Europe— A Review of the State-of-the-Art	Henderson, A., Morgan, C., Smith, B., Sørensen, H., Barthelmie, R., Boesmans, B,	February 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind	Collision, Noise	Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Evaluation of the Environmental Impact of the 20 MW Wind Power Project in Tejona, Costa Rica Report of Phase 2 of the Tejona Wind Power Project (TWPP)	van Hulle, F., van Roekel, G., de Jongh, J., Borchgrevink, J., Lopes, J., Vindas, E.	February 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Initial Phase of the Foote Creek Rim Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming November 1998-June 2002	Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Good, R., Strickland, M., Johnson, G.	January 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
National Wind Technology Center Site Environmental Assessment: Bird and Bat Use and Fatalities - Final Report	Schmidt, E., Piaggo, A., Bock, C., Armstrong, D.	January 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Habitat Change, Collision	Birds, Bats
Guidelines for Wind Power and Wildlife in Washington State, USA	Ling, S., Linehan, A.	January 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Bats, Birds
Comparison of Avian Responses to UV-Light-Reflective Paint on Wind Turbines	Young, D., Erickson, W., Strickland, M., Good, R., Sernka, K.	January 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Lighting, Collision, Avoidance	Raptors, Birds
Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS): Development of a Method for Estimating Collision Frequency of Migrating Birds at Offshore Wind Turbines	Desholm, M.	January 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind	Collision	Waterfowl, Seabirds, Passerines, Birds
Wildlife Baseline Study for the Kittitas Valley Wind Project: Summary of Results from 2002 Wildlife Surveys	Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Young, D., Bay, K., Good, R., Sernka, K.	January 2003	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Raptors, Birds
Wind Turbines and Birds in Flanders: Preliminary Study Results and Recommendations	Everaert, J.	January 2003	Journal Article	Wind Energy		Birds
Synthesis and Comparison of Baseline Avian and Bat Use, Raptor Nesting and Mortality Information from Proposed and Existing Wind Developments	Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Young, D., Strickland, D., Good, R., Bourassa, M., Bay, K., Sernka, K.	December 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Habitat Change, Collision	Birds, Bats
A Roadmap for PIER Research on Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines in California	Sterner, D.	December 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Bats, Birds, Raptors
Effects of Wind Turbines on Birds and Bats in Northeastern Wisconsin	Howe, R., Evans, W., Wolf, A.	November 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Bats, Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Baseline Avian Studies for the Proposed Maiden Wind Farm, Yakima and Benton Counties, Washington	Young, D., Erickson, W., Bay, K., Good, R., Kronner, K.	November 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind		Birds