Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts White, C., Wang, Y-H, Walter, R., Ruttenberg, B., Han, D., Newman, E., Deyle, E., Gopal, S., Kaufman, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Entanglement Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Assessing environmental impacts of offshore wind farms: lessons learned and recommendations for the future Rahman, F., Kumar, P. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment
Integrated Environmental & Social Sensitivity Mapping: Guidance for Early Offshore Wind Spatial Planning World Bank Group Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism
Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations Danovaro, R., Bianchelli, S., Brambilla, P., Brussa, G., Corinaldesi, C., Del Borghi, A., Dell'Anno, A., Fraschetti, S., Greco, S., Grosso, M., Nepote, E., Rigamonti, L., Boero, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Reduced survival in a soaring bird breeding in wind turbine proximity along the northern Baltic Sea coast Nebel, C., Stjernberg, T., Tikkanen, H., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind South Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for Commercial Wind Lease OCS-A 0499 Sullivan, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Environmental impacts from large-scale offshore renewable-energy deployment Ouro, P., Fernandez, R., Armstrong, A., Brooks, B., Burton, R., Folkard, A., Ilić, S., Parkes, B., Schultz, D., Stallard, T., Watson, F. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States Williams, K., Gulka, J., Cook, A., Diehl, R., Farnsworth, A., Goyert, H., Hein, C., Loring, P., Mizrahi, D., Petersen, I., Peterson, T., Press, K., Stenhouse, I. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Final Environmental Assessment for Additional Site Assessment Activities on Beacon Wind, LLC’s Renewable Energy Lease OCS-A 0527 Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing exposure to wind turbines of a migratory raptor through its annual life cycle across continents Assandri, G., Bazzi, G., Bermejo-Bermejo, A., Bounas, A., Calvario, E., Catoni, C., Catry, I., Catry, T., Champagnon, J., De Pascalis, F., de la Puente, J., del Moral, J.C., Duriez, O., Evangelidis, A., Gameiro, J., García-Silveira, D., Garcés-Toledano, F., Jiguet, F., Kordopatis, P., Lopez-Ricuarte, L., Martinez, J., Mascara, R., Mellone, U., Molina, B., Morinay, J., Pilard, P., Ramellini, S., Rodríguez-Moreno, B., Romero, M., Sarà, M., Saulnier, N., Tsiopelas, N., Urios, V., Morganti, M., Rubolini, D., Cecere, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Raptors
Autonomous thermal tracking reveals spatiotemporal patterns of seabird activity relevant to interactions with floating offshore wind facilities Schneider, S., Kramer, S., Bernstein, S., Terrill, S., Ainley, D., Matzner, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Using juvenile movements as a proxy for adult habitat and space use in long-lived territorial species: a case study on the golden eagle Hemery, A., Duriez, O., Itty, C., Henry, P., Besnard, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Primary vs grey: A critical evaluation of literature sources used to assess the impacts of offshore wind farms Szostek, C., Edwards-Jones, A., Beaumont, N., Watson, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
A three-dimensional model of terrain-induced updrafts for movement ecology studies Thedin, R., Brandes, D., Quon, E., Sandhu, R., Tripp, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow Bats, Birds
Drivers of flight altitude during nocturnal bird migration over the North Sea and implications for offshore wind energy Bradaric, M., Kranstauber, B., Bouten, W., van Gasteren, H., Shamoun-Baranes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast [2024] Rockwood, R., Salas, L., Howar, J., Nur, N., Jahncke, J. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Mapping seabird vulnerability to offshore wind farms in Norwegian waters Fauchald, P., Ollus, V., Ballesteros, M., Breistol, A., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Molværsmyr, S., Tarroux, A, Systad, G., Moe, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Prioritizing landscapes for mitigating the impacts of onshore wind farms on multidimensional waterbird diversity in the Yellow Sea Zhao, S., Xu, H., Wang, T., Li, H., Li, X., Liu, N., Song, X., Guan, F., Chen, X., Xu, A., Li, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Shorebirds
The global impact of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services Watson, S., Somerfield, P., Lemasson, A., Knights, A., Edwards-Jones, A., Nunes, J., Pascoe, C., McNeill, C., Schratzberger, M., Thompson, M., Couce, E., Szostek, C., Baxter, H., Beaumont, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
A standardized protocol for assessing the performance of automatic detection systems used in onshore wind power plants to reduce avian mortality Ballester, C., Dupont, S., Corbeau, A., Chambert, T., Duriez, O., Besnard, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Geese migrating over the Pacific Ocean select altitudes coinciding with offshore wind turbine blades Weiser, E., Overton, C., Douglas, D., Casazza, M., Flint, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Using remote-sensing data to study the rapid growth of wind farms and their impact on bird habitat in Yellow Sea Wetland, China Zheng, Y., Wu, J., Sheviakina, N., Zahorodnia, S., Olha, T., Dmytro, K., Trofymchuk, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 1 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: OWEC Programme Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy EMF Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 2 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds
6th ScotMER Symposium: ECOWind Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy Birds, Physical Environment
Wind Farms and Power Lines Reduced the Territory Status and Probability of Fledgling Production in the Eurasian Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Husby, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors
Does size matter? Investigation of the effect of wind turbine size on bird and bat mortality Garvin, J., Simonis, J., Taylor, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on common guillemots (Uria aalge) in the southern North Sea - climate versus biodiversity? Peschko, V., Schwemmer, H., Mercker, M., Markones, N., Borkenhagen, K., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Assessing areas suitable for offshore wind energy considering potential risk to breeding seabirds in northern Japan Obane, H., Kazama, K., Hashimoto, H., Nagai, Y., Asano, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Localized Eco-Climatic Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms: A Review Ze, J., Xiuchun, Y., Ang, C. , Dong, Y., Min, Z., Lunda, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S., Taylor, J., Tingay, R., Weston, E., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind on the Marine Ecosystem and Associated Species: Background and Issues for Congress Keating-Bitoni, C., Marshak, A., Comay, L., Clark, C., Ward, E., Sheikh, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Behavioural responses of Sandwich terns following the construction of offshore wind farms Thaxter, C., Green, R., Collier, M., Taylor, R., Middelveld, R., Scragg, E., Wright, L., Cook, A., Fijn, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Stokke, B., Dahl, E., Kleven, O., May, R., Nygård, T., Pavón-Jordán, D., Sandercock, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Assessment of Technology Gaps for Statistically Robust Data and Integration of Monitoring of Birds and Marine Mammals into Equipment and Operations of Offshore Windfarms Schultz, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
The Impact of Wind Turbines on the Distribution of Wintering and Migrating Raptors Mitchell, K. Thesis Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Utilizing high-resolution genetic markers to track population-level exposure of migratory birds to renewable energy development Harrigan, R., Rajbhandary, J., Bossu, C., Sanzenbacher, P., Dietsch, T., Gruppi, C., Katzner, T., Smith, T., Ruegg, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Numbers of wildlife fatalities at renewable energy facilities in a targeted development region Conkling, T., Fesnock, A., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
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