Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Untersuchungen zum einfluss der errichtung und des betriebs von windenergieanlagen auf vögel im binnenland Bergen, F. Thesis Wind Energy Birds
Effects of Wind Turbines and Other Physical Elements on Field Utilization by Pink-Footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A Landscape Perspective Larsen, J., Madsen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Waterfowl, Birds
Wildlife Monitoring Studies: SeaWest Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming: 1995-1999 Johnson, G., Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Derby, C., Strickland, D., Good, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting III LGL Ltd Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Avian Risk Behavior and Fatalities at the Altamont Wind Resource Area: March 1998 to February 1999 Thelander, C., Rugge, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Ponnequin Wind Energy Project: Reference Site Avian Study Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Ryder, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Final Report: avian and bat mortality associated with the Vansycle wind project Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Avian and Bat Mortality Associated with the Vansycle Wind Project, Umatilla County, Oregon 1999 Study Year Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M., Kronner, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Windfarms and Birds: Calculating a Theoretical Collision Risk Assuming No Avoiding Action Band, W. Report Wind Energy Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Effects on Birds of an Offshore Wind Park at Horns Rev: Environmental Impact Assessment Noer, H., Christensen, T., Clausager, I., Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at Tehachapi Pass and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Resource Areas, California: Phase 1 Preliminary Results Anderson, R., Strickland, D., Tom, J., Neumann, N., Erickson, W., Cleckler, J., Mayorga, G., Nuhn, G., Leuders,A., Schneider, J., Backus, L., Becker, P., Flagg, N. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision Birds, Raptors
Bird Mortality Associated with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota Osborn, R., Higgins, K., Usgaard, R., Dieter, C., Neiger, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Baseline Avian Use and Behavior at the CARES Wind Plant Site, Klickitat County, Washington: Final Report Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M., Kronner, K., Becker, P., Orloff, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Nocturnal flight activity of sea ducks near the windfarm Tunø Knob in the Kattegat Tulp, I., Schekkerman, H., Larsen, J., van der Winden, J., van de Haterd, R., van Horssen, P., Dirksen, S., Spaans, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Studying Wind Energy/Bird Interactions: A Guidance Document Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Effects of Wind Turbines on Upland Nesting Birds in Conservation Reserve Program Grasslands Leddy, K., Higgins, K., Naugle, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Passerines
Status of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
An Evaluation of the Impact of the Alameda County/Land Owner Ground Squirrel Management Program on Squirrel Abundance, Raptor Use, and Raptor Fatalities: A status report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Population Trend Analysis 1994-1997 Hunt, W., Jackman, R., Hunt, T., Driscoll, D., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Behaviour of migrating birds exposed to X-band radar and a bright light beam Bruderer, B., Peter, D., Steuri, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, EMF Birds
Using Marine Surveillance Radar to Study Bird Movements and Impact Assessment Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J., Morrison, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Environmental Assessment: Expanded Ponnequin Wind Energy Project, Weld County, Colorado US Department of Energy (DOE) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing the Impact of the Tunø Knob Wind Park on Sea Ducks: The Influence of Food Resources Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Studying wind energy/bird interactions: A guidance document. Metrics and methods for determining or monitoring potential impacts on birds at existing and proposed wind energy sites Anderson, R., Morrison, M., Sinclair, K., Strickland, D. Book Wind Energy Birds
Avian Risk and Fatality Protocol Morrison, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Avian Use of Norris Hill Wind Resource Area, Montana Harmata, A., Podruzny, K., Zelenak, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Applications of Acoustic Bird Monitoring for the Wind Power Industry Evans, W. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Impact Assessment of an Off-shore Wind Park on Sea Ducks Guillemette, M., Larsen, J., Clausager, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Waterfowl
Predicting the Response of Bird Populations to Wind Energy-Related Deaths Morrison, M., Pollock, K., Oberg, A., Sinclair, K. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Ecosystem Processes
Bird Flight Characteristics Near Wind Turbines in Minnesota Osborn, R., Dieter, C., Higgins, K., Usgaard, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Waterfowl
Nocturnal Flight Patterns and Altitudes of Diving Ducks in the IJsselmeer Area Dirksen, S., Spaans, A., Winden, J., Bergh, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Altamont Avian Plan: Status Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service By the Consortium of Altamont Owners Richard Curry Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
The Influence of High Ground Squirrel Densities on the Occurrence of Golden Eagles on Altamont Ownership Consortium Property Hunt, G., Culp, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Birds
Addendum to Final: Seawest/KENETECH Windfarm Development Comparison, Carbon County, Wyoming TRC Mariah Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Development of a Practical Modeling Framework for Estimating the Impact of Wind Technology on Bird Populations Morrison, M., Pollack, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Second-Year Progress Report Predatory Bird Research Group Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing Impacts to Birds from the Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota Windplant Development Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M., Sarappo, S., Halet, R. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Overview of the U.S. Department of Energy/National Renewable Energy Laboratory Avian Research Program Sinclair, K., Morrison, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Bird Disturbance: Improving the Quality and Utility of Disturbance Research Hill, D., Hockin, D., Price, D., Tucker, G., Morris, R., Treweek, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
Avian Mortality at Rotor Swept Area Equivalents, Altamont Pass and Montezuma Hills, California Howell, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
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