Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Quantifying trade-offs for the spatial allocation of onshore wind generation capacity – A case study for Germany Tafarte, P., Lemann, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Social & Economic Data
Bat and Bird Data Analysis and Results Summary: Progress Report #5 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy Noise Bats, Birds
Conspecific Carcass Removal from a Wind Project Study Plot by a Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus) Bell, D., Snyder, S., Didonato, J., Smallwood, K. Shawn Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Unlocking the Potential of Wind Energy With Machine Learning-Based Avian Detection: A Call to Action Principato, M., Hasselwander, L., Stangner, M., Buettner, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Thermal soaring over the North Sea and implications for wind farm interactions van Erp, J., Sage, E., Bouten, W., van Loon, E., Camphuysen, K., Shamoun-Baranes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Mintz, J., Nygård, T., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Mapping Environmental Considerations for Marine Spatial Planning in Wales: Methodology Murray, L., Bloomfield, H., Skates, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species Schwemmer, P., Pederson, R., Haecker, K., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Mercker, M., Jiguet, F., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Sensitivity analysis of collision risk at wind turbines based on flight altitude of migratory waterbirds Kamata, T., Sato, H., Mukai, H., Sato, T., Yamada, S., Sekijima, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Development of a Cumulative Impact Assessment tool for birds in Norwegian Offshore Waters: Trollvind OWF as a case study Layton-Matthews, K., Buckingham, L., Critchley, E., Nilsson, A., Ollus, V., Ballesteros, M., Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Dehnhard, N., Fauchald, P., Hanssen, F., Helberg, M, Masden, E., May, R., Sandvik, H., Tarroux, A, Reiertsen, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds
Protecting avian wildlife for wind farm siting: The Screening Tool Proof of Concept Salkanovic, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions
Bird Protection Zones in a Wind Park by Ka-Band Radar Surveillance: Field Results from the Wind Testing Site WINSENT Malzer, M., Burhenn, M., Beck, S., Zadeh, A., Moll, J., Krozer, V., Hubsch, D., Nuber, A., Werner, M., Kaminsky, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
First assessment on the influence of wind farms and high-voltage networks on ruddy-headed goose Chloephaga rubidiceps migration in Patagonia, Argentina Pedrana, J., Gorosábel, A., Pütz, K., Bernad, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Offshore Wind Energy and Seabird Collision Vulnerability in California Grover, W. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Ecological impacts of the expansion of offshore wind farms on trophic level species of marine food chain Wang, L., Wang, B., Cen, W., Xu, R., Huang, Y., Zhang, X., Han, Y., Zhang, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Seasonal patterns of bird and bat collision fatalities at wind turbines Lloyd, J., Butryn, R., Pearman-Gillman, S., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Construction and Operations Plan for Commercial Lease OCS Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind, LLC Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds, Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
IdentiFlight als Schutzmaßnahme für den Seeadler (Haliaeetus albicilla) Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit sowie artenschutzrechtliche Einordnung Reichenbach, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Hudson South 2 E05 Bat and Bird Acoustic Analysis and Results Summary Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
A Geospatial Analysis of Species of Interest in US Atlantic Wind Energy Areas O'Brien, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Technology Gaps for Bird Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Development Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A., Campoblanco, F., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
New insights into the influence of turbines on the behaviour of migrant birds: implications for predicting impacts of offshore wind developments on wildlife Willmott, J., Forcey, G., Vukovich, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds
Ocean Wind 1 Construction and Operations Plan Ocean Wind 1 Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Joint responsibility in the development of effective wind-turbine collision-reducing solutions May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Large-scale effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds of high conservation concern Garthe, S., Schwemmer, H., Peschko, V., Markones, N., Müller, S., Schwemmer, P., Mercker, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Digital Survey: First Semiannual Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future Soukissian, T., O’Hagan, A-M., Azzellino, A., Boero, F., Brito e Melo, A., Comiskey, P., Gao, Z., Howell, D., Le Boulluec, M., Maisondieu, C., Scott, B., Tedeschi, E., Maheri, A., Pennock, S. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
An ecological risk assessment for the impacts of offshore wind farms on birds in Australia Reid, K., Baker, G., Woehler, E. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Seabirds
Standardised and referenced acoustic monitoring reliably estimates bat fatalities at wind turbines: comments on 'Limitations of acoustic monitoring at wind turbines to evaluate fatality risk of bats' Behr, O., Barre, K., Bontadina, F., Brinkmann, R., Dietz, M., Disca, T., Froidevaux, J., Ghanem, S., Huemer, S., Hurst, J., Kaminsky, S., Kelm, V., Korner-Nievergelt, F., Lauper, M., Lintott, P., Newman, C., Peterson, T., Proksch, J., Roemer, C., Schorcht, W., Nagy, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Windfarm collisions in medium-sized raptors: even increasing populations can suffer strong demographic impacts Duriez, O., Pilard, P., Saulnier, N., Boudarel, P., Besnard, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Bat and Bird monitoring guidance Skov, H. Guidance Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Monitoring Framework for Automated Radio Telemetry at Offshore Wind Projects in the U.S. Atlantic Loring, P., Carlson, E., Gobeille, D., Makenzie, S., Berrigan, L., Williams, K., Gilbert, A., Adams, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Monitoring of Marine Life During Offshore Wind Energy Development—Guidelines and Recommendations Kershaw, F., Jones, A., Folsom-O’Keefe, C., Johnson, E., Newman, B., Liner, J., Clarkson, C., Swanson, R., Fuller, E., Krakoff, N., Johnson, A., Kelly, K., Hislop, K., Frignoca, I., Sarthou, C., Donaghue, E., Haggerty, S., Ricci, H., Walsh, J., Humphries, E., Weiler, C., Felton, S., George, G., Haney, C., Lyons, D., Weinstein, A., Bibza, J., Hewett, A., Murphy, J., Muth, D., Renfro, A., Aylesworth, S., Chase, A., Davis, E., Trice, A., Stocker, M., Conley, M., Jedele, T., LoBue, C., Runnebaum, J., Feinberg, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions
A framework for improving treatment of uncertainty in offshore wind assessments for protected marine birds Searle, K., O'Brien, S., Jones, E., Cook, A., Trinder, M., McGregor, R., Donovan, C., McCluskie, A., Daunt, F., Butler, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds
Resolving Key Uncertainties of Seabird Flight and Avoidance Behaviours at Offshore Wind Farms: Final Report for the study period 2020-2021 Tjørnløv, R., Skov, H., Armitage, M., Barker, M., Jørgensen, J., Mortensen, L., Thomas, K., Uhrenholdt, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Wind turbines in managed forests partially displace common birds Rehling, F., Delius, A., Ellerbrok, J., Farwig, N., Peter, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Flight Type and Seasonal Movements Are Important Predictors for Avian Collisions in Wind Farms Puente, A., Balmori, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
5th ScotMER Symposium: Ornithology 2 Marine Scotland Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Birds vs. wind power – significant bird impacts of wind turbines in Finnish environmental impact assessment reports Hagman, A. Thesis Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
SouthCoast Wind Draft Environmental Impact Statement BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism, Visual Impacts
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