Short Science Summary: Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities

Raptor

In January 2022, the International Energy Agency Wind Task 34—Working Together to Resolve the Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN)—organized a forum to discuss aspects of raptor collision risk with wind turbines. The forum included experts in raptor biology and physiology, collision risk modeling, wind energy development, and atmospheric scientists from seven countries. They represented a range of international stakeholder groups including academia, government agencies, national laboratories, and wildlife consultants. This educational brief, produced by WREN under IEA Wind, summarizes the discussion during the forum and written comments from those who could not attend. Relevant literature was used to provide additional context when needed. A list of the references used to develop this summary is available here. 

Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities (English)

En enero de 2022, la tarea eólica 34 de la Agencia Internacional de Energía, "Trabajando juntos para resolver los efectos ambientales de la energía eólica (WREN)", organizó un foro para analizar los riesgos de colisión de aves rapaces con aerogeneradores. El foro incluyó a expertos en biología y fisiología de aves rapaces, modelos de riesgo de colisión, desarrollo de energía eólica, y científicos atmosféricos de siete países. Representaron a una variedad de grupos de partes interesadas internacionales, incluidos académicos, agencias gubernamentales, laboratorios nacionales y consultores de vida silvestre. Este resumen educativo incluye las conversaciones presentadas en el foro y los comentarios escritos de aquellos que no pudieron asistir. Se utilizó literatura relevante que sirviera de contexto adicional cuando era necesario

Modelos de riesgo de colisión: una herramienta para evaluar los riesgos para las aves rapaces en instalaciones de energía eólica (Spanish)

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Bird Survival in Wind Farms by Monte-Carlo Simulation Modelling Based on Wide-Ranging Flight Tracking Data of Multiple Birds During Different Seasons Yordanov, N., Nabielek, H., Bedev, K., Zehtindjiev, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Exploring development of spatially stratified wind turbine collision risk prior distributions for eagles: An application of adaptive management Howell, P., New, L., Bjerre, E., White, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Used to Assess Performance of Automated Detection and Audio Deterrent System for Reducing Wind-Turbine Collison Risk for Golden Eagles Smith, J., Schneider, S., Zirpoli, J., Terrill, S., Felton, S., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Summary of Bird Monitoring Reports from Operational Wind Energy Facilities in South Africa BirdLife South Africa Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Estimated golden eagle mortality from wind turbines in the western United States Gedir, J., Gould, M., Millsap, B., Howell, P., Zimmerman, G., Bjerre, E., White, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Cumulative collision risk and population-level consequences of industrial wind-power plant development for two vulture species: A quantitative warning Bounas, A., Vasilakis, D., Kret, E., Zakkak, S., Chatzigiannakou, M., Kapsalis, E., Arkumarev, V., Dobrev, D., Stamenov, A., Stoychev, S., Skartsi, T., Sidiropoulos, L., Halley, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Effects of wind turbine dimensions on the collision risk of raptors: A simulation approach based on flight height distributions Schaub, T., Klaassen, R., Zutter, C., Albert, P., Bedotti, O., Bourrioux, J., Buij, R., Chadoeuf, J., Grande, C., Illner, H., Isambert, J., Janssens, K., Julius, E., Lee, S., Mionnet, A., Muskens, G., Raab, R., Rijn, S., Shamoun-Baranes, J., Spanoghe, G., Hecke, B., Waldenstrom, J., Millon, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Reconciling wind energy development with bird conservation: A comparative study of flight behaviour in raptors to understand and mitigate wind turbine collision risk Schaub, T. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Estimating collision risk for whitetailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in onshore wind power environments: Application of spatial modelling frameworks and predictive mapping Halgunset, G. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Fortsetzungsstudie Probabilistik - Das Raumnutzungs-Kollisionsrisikomodell (RKR-Modell) Mercker, M., Raab, R., Liesenjohann, T., Liedtke, J., Blew, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Wirksamkeit des AVES WIND ONSHORE Antikollisionssystems zum Schutz des Rotmilans (Milvus milvus) AVES WIND ONSHORE Antikollisionssystem zum Schutz des Rotmilans (Milvus milvus) Artenschutzfachliche Bewertung Gross, M., Stieg, J., Hinsch, H. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Reduced survival in a soaring bird breeding in wind turbine proximity along the northern Baltic Sea coast Nebel, C., Stjernberg, T., Tikkanen, H., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Detection and Deterrent System in Reducing Golden Eagle Fatalities at Operational Wind Facilities Felton, S., Perkins, L., Smith, J., Terrell, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Winds of Progress: An In-Depth Exploration of Offshore, Floating, and Onshore Wind Turbines as Cornerstones for Sustainable Energy Generation and Environmental Stewardship Afridi, S. K., Koondhar, M. A., Jamali, M., Alaas, Z. M., Alsharif, M. H., Kim, M-K., Mahariq, I., Touti, E., Aoudia, M., Ahmed, M. M. R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting Bats, Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Lack of evasive behaviour by a Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus on impact with a turbine blade at a South African wind farm: causes and mitigations; Absence de comportement évasif d’un Aigle martial Polemaetus bellicosus lors de l’impact avec une pale Simmons, R., Martins, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Wind Farms and Power Lines Reduced the Territory Status and Probability of Fledgling Production in the Eurasian Goshawk Accipiter gentilis Husby, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat Fielding, A., Anderson, D., Benn, S., Taylor, J., Tingay, R., Weston, E., Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) Stokke, B., Dahl, E., Kleven, O., May, R., Nygård, T., Pavón-Jordán, D., Sandercock, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Wind farms and Griffon Vultures: Evidence that under certain conditions history is not-always turbulent Farfan, M., Díaz-Ruiz, F., Duarte, J., Martín-Taboada, A., Munoz, A-R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Incidental eagle carcass detection can contribute to fatality estimation at operating wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Riser-Espinoza, D., Brown, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions
Detection of wind turbines rotary motion by birds: A matter of speed and contrast Blary, C., Bonadonna, F., Dussauze, E., Potier, S., Besnard, A., Duriez, O. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Assessing carcass relocation for offsetting golden eagle mortality at wind energy facilities Lonsdorf, E., Gerber, J., Ray, D., Slater, S., Allison, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Mintz, J., Nygård, T., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Pilotstudie: Erprobung Probabilistik/Testing Probabilistics Mercker, M., Liedtke, J., Liesenjohann, T., Blew, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Effectiveness of an artificial intelligence-based system to curtail wind turbines to reduce eagle collisions Duerr, A., Parsons, A., Nagy, L., Kuehn, M., Bloom, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A utilization distribution for the global population of Cape Vultures (Gyps coprotheres) to guide wind energy development Cervantes, F., Murgatroyd, M., Allan, D., Farwig, N., Kemp, R., Kruger, S., Maude, G., Mendelsohn, J., Rösner, S., Schabo, D., Tate, G., Wolter, K., Amar, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Large soaring raptors vs wind turbines development in the Swiss Alps Vignali, S., Braunisch, V., Arlettaz, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Decoding Golden Eagle Movement Behavior from High-Resolution, Variable-Rate Telemetry Data Through Bayesian Filtering Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Quon, E., Thedin, R., Brandes, D., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Farmer, C. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Suivi environnemental 2022: Suivi de la mortalité - Parc éolien de la Vallée de Torfou Habert, T., Yann, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
A review of raptor carcass persistence trials and the practical implications for fatality estimation at wind farms Wilson, D., Hulka, S., Bennun, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
The species-specificity of energy landscapes for soaring birds, and its consequences for transferring suitability models across species Scacco, M., Arrondo, E., Donazar, J., Flack, A., Sanchez-Zapata, J., Duriez, O., Wikelski, M., Safi, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Changes in Flow, Collision Birds, Raptors
Limited rigor in studies of raptor mortality and mitigation at wind power facilities Conkling, T., McClure, C., Cuadros, S., Loss, S., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Quantifying Raptors’ Flight Behavior to Assess Collision Risk and Avoidance Behavior to Wind Turbines Linder, A., Lyhne, H., Laubek, B., Bruhn, D., Pertoldi, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Significant decline of Griffon Vulture collision mortality in wind farms during 13-year of a selective turbine stopping protocol Ferrer, M., Alloing, A., Baumbush, R., Morandini, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Selecting auditory alerting stimuli for eagles on the basis of auditory evoked potentials Goller, B., Baumhardt, P., Dominguez-Villegas, E., Katzner, T., Fernández-Juricic, E., Lucas, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Flight characteristics forecast entry by eagles into rotor-swept zones of wind turbines Rolek, B., Braham, M., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Katzner, T., McCabe, J., Dunn, L., McClure, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind Farms and Power Lines Have Negative Effects on Territory Occupancy in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) Husby, M., Pearson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Hotspots in the grid: Avian sensitivity and vulnerability to collision risk from energy infrastructure interactions in Europe and North Africa Gauld, J., Silva, J., Atkinson, P., Record, P., Acacio, M., Arkumarev, V., Blas, J., Bouten, W., Burten, N., Catry, I., Champagnon, J., Clewley, G., Dagys, M., Duriez, O., Exo, K., Fiedler, W., Flack, A., Friedemann, G., Fritz, J., Garcia-Ripolles, C., Garthe, S., Giunchi, D., Grozdanov, A., Harel, R., Humphreys, E., Janssen, R., Kolzch, A., Kulikova, O., Lameris, T., Lopez-Lopez, P., Masden, E., Monti, F., Nathan, R., Nikolov, S., Oppel, S., Peshev, H., Phipps, L., Pokrovsky, I., Ross-Smith, V., Saravia, V., Scragg, E., Sforzi, A., Stoynov, E., Thaxter, C., Van Steelant, W., van Toor, M., Vorneweg, B., Waldenstrom, J., Wikelski, M., Zydelis, R., Franco, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Seabirds
Stochastic agent-based model for predicting turbine-scale raptor movements during updraft-subsidized directional flights Sandhu, R., Tripp, C., Quon, E., Thedin, R., Lawson, M., Brandes, D., Farmer, C., Miller, T., Draxl, C., Doubrawa, P., Williams, L., Duerr, A., Braham, M., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
A Predictive Flight-Altitude Model for Avoiding Future Conflicts Between an Emblematic Raptor and Wind Energy Development in the Swiss Alps Vignali, S., Lörcher, F., Hegglin, D., Arlettaz, R., Braunisch, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
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