Short Science Summary: Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities

Raptor

In January 2022, the International Energy Agency Wind Task 34—Working Together to Resolve the Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN)—organized a forum to discuss aspects of raptor collision risk with wind turbines. The forum included experts in raptor biology and physiology, collision risk modeling, wind energy development, and atmospheric scientists from seven countries. They represented a range of international stakeholder groups including academia, government agencies, national laboratories, and wildlife consultants. This educational brief, produced by WREN under IEA Wind, summarizes the discussion during the forum and written comments from those who could not attend. Relevant literature was used to provide additional context when needed. A list of the references used to develop this summary is available here. 

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E., Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities Hallingstad, E., Rabie, P., Telander, A., Roppe, J., Nagy, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Potential biological removal of white-tailed eagles and its application to environmental impact assessment for wind farms in Japan Matsuda, H., Tani, K., Shimada, Y. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Raptor Interactions with Wind Energy: Case Studies from Around the World Watson, R., Kolar, P., Ferrer, M., Nygård, T., Johnston, N., Hunt, W., Smit-Robinson, H., Farmer, C., Huso, M., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor Peron, G., Fleming, C., Duriez, O., Fluhr, J., Itty, C., Lambertucci, S., Safi, K., Shepard, E., Calabrese, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Satellite Tracking of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and Brandenburg Krone, O., Treu, G., Grunkorn, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Collisions of Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines - Analysis of the Circumstances Rasran, L., Durr, T. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Effects of Individuals Lost Due to Wind Turbines on the Time of Occupying a Territory, the Survival of Breeding Territories and the Breeding Success of White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Case Studies) Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Collision Victims and Lattice Towers - Frequency of Collision, Breeding Population and Breeding Success of Birds of Prey in Two Wind Farms in Brandenburg Durr, T., Rasran, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Telemetric Monitoring of Montagu’s Harrier in Schleswig-Holstein Grajetzky, B., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Distances Between Breeding Sites and White-Tailed Sea Eagles Found Dead Near Wind Turbines in Schleswig-Holstein Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Calculation of the Probability of a Collision of Territorial Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines Rasran, L., Grajetzky, B., Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Golden Eagle Fatalities and the Continental-Scale Consequences of Local Wind-Energy Generation Katzner, T., Nelson, D., Braham, M., Doyle, J., Fernandez, N., Duerr, A., Bloom, P., Fitzpatrick, M., Miller, T., Culver, R., Braswell, L., DeWoody, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Quantifying the Demographic Cost of Human-Related Mortality to a Raptor Population Hunt, W., Wiens, J., Law, P., Fuller, M., Hunt, T., Driscoll, D., Jackman, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A balanced solution to the cumulative threat of industrialized wind farm development on cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Predicting Eagle Fatalities at Wind Facilities Bay, K., Nasman, K., Erickson, W., Taylor, K., Kosciuch, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Reconciling endangered species conservation with wind farm development: Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Wind Energy Industry Eagle Detection and Deterrents: Research Gaps and Solutions Workshop Summary Report Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Framework for Testing the Effectiveness of Bat and Eagle Impact-Reduction Strategies at Wind Energy Projects Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Final Report Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Bird Fatality Study, Monitoring Years 2005–2013 ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Using Spatial Analyses of Bearded Vulture Movements in Southern Africa to Inform Wind Turbine Placement Reid, T., Kruger, S., Whitfield, D., Amar, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
A Collision Risk Model to Predict Avian Fatalities at Wind Facilities: An Example Using Golden Eagles, Aquila chrysaetos New, L., Bjerre, M., Millsap, B., Otto, M., Runge, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Game Birds do not Surrogate for Raptors in Trials to Calibrate Observed Raptor Collision Fatalities Urquhart, B., Hulka, S., Duffy, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Repowering Smøla Wind-Power Plant: An Assessment of Avian Conflicts Dahl, E., May, R., Nygård, T., Åström, J., Diserud, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Reproductive output of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in relation to wind turbine proximity Fernandez-Bellon, D., Irwin, S., Wilson, M., O'Halloran, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Results and Analysis of Eagle Studies from the Bluff Point and Studland Bay Wind Farms 2002-2012 Hull, C., Sims, C., Stark, E., Muir, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Home Range and Resource Selection by GPS-Monitored Adult Golden Eagles in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion: Implications for Wind Power Development Watson, J., Duff, A., Davies, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Wolfe Island Wind Plant Post-Construction Follow-up Plan Bird and Bat Resource Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors
The New Zealand Falcon and Wind Farms: A Risk Assessment Framework Seaton, R., Barea, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
An Analytical Impact Assessment Framework for Wildlife to Inform the Siting and Permitting of Wind Energy Facilities Schwartz, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds
Visual Fields, Foraging and Collision Vulnerability in Gyps Vultures Martin, G., Portugal, S., Murn, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Testing an Emerging Paradigm in Migration Ecology Shows Surprising Differences in Efficiency between Flight Modes Duerr, A., Miller, T., Lanzone, M., Brandes, D., Cooper, J., O'Malley, K., Maisonneuve, C., Tremblay, J., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures de Lucas, M., Ferrer, M., Bechard, M., Muñoz, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Best Management Practices for siting, developing, operating, and monitoring renewable energy in the Intermountain West: A Conservationist's Guide Jones, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds, Bats
Putting Aeolus to work without the death toll: federal wind farm siting guidelines can mitigate avian and Chiropteran mortality Mensing, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility Ocotillo Express Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Reduced Breeding Success in White-Tailed Eagles at Smøla windfarm, Western Norway, is Caused by Mortality and Displacement Dahl, E., Bevanger, K., Nygård, T., Roskaft, E., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision Raptors, Birds
Where eagles nest, the wind also blows: consolidating habitat and energy needs Wilson, J., Wilson, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
New Zealand Falcon Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Hurunui Wind Farm Meridian Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Searches for dead birds in Smøla wind-power plant area 2011 - annual report Reitan, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
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