Short Science Summary: Collision Risk Modeling – A Tool for Assessing Risks to Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities

In January 2022, the International Energy Agency Wind Task 34—Working Together to Resolve the Environmental Effects of Wind Energy (WREN)—organized a forum to discuss aspects of raptor collision risk with wind turbines. The forum included experts in raptor biology and physiology, collision risk modeling, wind energy development, and atmospheric scientists from seven countries. They represented a range of international stakeholder groups including academia, government agencies, national laboratories, and wildlife consultants. This educational brief, produced by WREN under IEA Wind, summarizes the discussion during the forum and written comments from those who could not attend. Relevant literature was used to provide additional context when needed. A list of the references used to develop this summary is available here.

Title	Author	Date Sort ascending	Content Type	Technology	Stressor	Receptor
A Roadmap for PIER Research on Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines in California	Sterner, D.	December 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds, Bats
Collision Mortality of Local and Migrant Birds at a Large-Scale Wind-Power Development on Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota	Johnson, G., Erickson, W., Strickland, M., Shepherd, M., Shepherd, D., Sarappo, S.	August 2002	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Golden Eagles in a Perilous Landscape: Predicting the Effects of Mitigation for Wind Turbine Blade Strike Mortality	Hunt, G.	July 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision, Avoidance, Attraction	Raptors, Birds
An Assessment of the Impacts of Green Mountain Power Corporation's Wind Power Facility on Breeding and Migrating Birds in Searsburg, Vermont: July 1996-July 1998	Kerlinger, P.	March 2002	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance	Raptors, Passerines, Birds
Novar Windfarm Ltd Ornithological Monitoring Studies: Breeding Bird and Birdstrike Monitoring 2001 Results & 5-Year Review	Bioscan	November 2001	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Avian Collisions with Wind Turbines: A Summary of Existing Studies and Comparisons to Other Sources of Avian Collision Mortality in the United States	Erickson, W., Johnson, G., Strickland, M., Young, D., Sernka, K., Good, R.	August 2001	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Attraction, Collision	Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Proceedings of the National Avian - Wind Power Planning Meeting IV	NWCC Avian Subcommittee	May 2001	Conference Paper	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision, Habitat Change	Bats, Birds, Raptors
Avian Risk Behavior and Fatalities at the Altamont Wind Resource Area: March 1998 to February 1999	Thelander, C., Rugge, L.	May 2000	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds
Ponnequin Wind Energy Project: Reference Site Avian Study	Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Ryder, R.	April 2000	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance	Raptors, Passerines, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Avian Monitoring and Risk Assessment at Tehachapi Pass and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Resource Areas, California: Phase 1 Preliminary Results	Anderson, R., Strickland, D., Tom, J., Neumann, N., Erickson, W., Cleckler, J., Mayorga, G., Nuhn, G., Leuders,A., Schneider, J., Backus, L., Becker, P., Flagg, N.	January 2000	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Attraction, Collision	Birds, Raptors
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Population Trend Analysis 1994-1997	Hunt, W., Jackman, R., Hunt, T., Driscoll, D., Culp, L.	June 1999	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds
A Population Study of Golden Eagles in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Second-Year Progress Report	Predatory Bird Research Group	July 1997	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Birds, Raptors
Using a Collision Model to Design Safer Wind Turbine Rotors for Birds	Tucker, V.	November 1996	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds
A Continued Examination of Avian Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area	Orloff, S., Flannery, A.	June 1996	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds
A Pilot Golden Eagle Population Study in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area California	Predatory Bird Research Group	May 1995	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision, Displacement	Birds, Raptors
Whirly Birds	Linn, A.	March 1995	Magazine Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds
Assessment of Avian Use and Mortality Related to Wind Turbine Operations, Altamont Pass, Alameda and Contra Costa Counties, California, September 1988 through August 1989, Final Report	Howell, J., Didonato, J.	November 1991	Report	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Raptors, Birds
Bird Movements and Collision Mortality at a Large Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine	Byrne, S.	January 1983	Journal Article	Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind	Collision	Waterfowl, Raptors, Passerines, Birds